Chapter 5
Motivation & Emotion
Motivation & Emotion
Internal source of motivation such as personal satisfaction and fulfillment.
Intrinsic motivation
A previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), becomes the...
Conditioned stimulus
Photoreceptor cells in the retina, concentrated at the fovea, that are responsible for high-acuity color vision and daylight perception.
Cones
A chronic mental health condition characterized by uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts and repetitive behaviors that consume significant time (over an hour a day) and cause distress is called
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A chronic, severe mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking is called
Schizophrenia
Those who attribute their successes and failures to factors not under their control have an
External locus of control
To increase the probability that the behavior will increase, Brian's parents give him $20.00 for every A on his report card. This is called _________________ reinforcement.
Positive Reinforcement
The process of converting a physical stimulus into a meaningful and useful neural signal capable of being interpreted by the brain is called
Transduction
A mental health condition characterized by a long-term pattern of grandiosity, an excessive need for admiration, lack of empathy, an inflated sense of self-importance, entitlement, and displaying exploitative behaviors towards others, while masking a fragile self-esteem is called
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
The colored, muscular ring at the front of the eye, positioned between the cornea and lens, that controls light entry by adjusting pupil size is called
The principle that performance is best when organisms are moderately aroused.
The Yerkes-Dodson Law
Proposed by Edward Thorndike, this states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences (rewards) are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by discomforting consequences (punishment) are less likely to be repeated.
The Law of Effect
A snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear that acts as the primary sensory organ for hearing.
Cochlea
A behavioral therapy used to treat phobias, anxiety, and PTSD by pairing relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to feared stimuli.
Systematic desensitization
A type of explicit long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of personal experiences, including specific times, places, and associated emotions is called
Episodic Memory
According to this theory of emotions, arousal and emotion occur at the same time – but separately.
The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
The intelligence to reason, solve novel problems, and identify patterns, without relying on prior knowledge or experience, is called
Fluid intelligence
The minimum intensity of stimulation (light, sound, smell, taste, touch) necessary for a person to detect it 50% of the time. It represents the boundary between stimuli that are undetectable and those that can be consciously perceived. It is not a fixed point, as it varies based on alertness, motivation, and sensory abilities.
The Absolute Threshold
This posits that dysfunctional thinking, irrational beliefs, and maladaptive information processing maintain mental health issues, where distressing situations trigger automatic negative thoughts, which arise from deeper core beliefs or schemas, leading to an emotional, behavioral, or physiological disturbance is called
The Cognitive Model of mental illness
A chronic mental health condition characterized by intense, alternating mood swings between high-energy mania and low-energy depressive episodes is called
Bipolar Disorder
This weight theory suggests that the human body has a genetically and physiologically predetermined weight range it works to maintain, acting like a biological thermostat.
Set Point Theory
A limited-capacity cognitive system acting as a "mental workspace" or temporary scratchpad that holds and processes information for later storage.
Working memory
The slight difference in images captured by the left and right eyes due to their unique positions, acting as a crucial binocular cue for depth perception.
Retinal disparity (aka binocular disparity)
A holistic framework for understanding health and illness by integrating biological, psychological, and social factors, treating the whole person is called
The Biopsychosocial Model
A person’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish tasks; it dictates how people feel, think, and act, influencing effort, resilience, and goal achievement, fostering their development of challenging goals, persistence, and lower stress is called
Self-efficacy