Anxiety disorders
People with this type of anxiety disorder may develop agoraphobia
Panic disorder
Obsessions vs compulsions
Obsessions: intrusive, nonsensical thoughts, images or urges
Compulsions: thoughts or actions to suppress obsessions for relief
Two causes of somatic symptom disorders
Consistent overreaction to physical signs and sensations
Family influence
Stressful life events
Illness in family during childhood
Benefits of illness (e.g., sympathy, attention)
The depressive cognitive triad
Thinking negatively about oneself, world, and future
This age range and this ethnicity has the highest suicide rates
45-54 yrs of age
Caucasians
Two causes of anxiety disorders
biological vulnerability (inherited tendency to be anxious)
generalized psychological vulnerability (events are uncontrollable)
specific psychological vulnerability (physical sensations are dangerous)
Thought-action fusion
equating having a thought with the specific outcome/action associated with that thought (e.g., if I imagine my spouse dying, it means he’s going to die.)
somatic symptom vs illness anxiety disorder
Somatic symptom - excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to symptoms; onset in adolescence
Illness anxiety - anxiety about having or acquiring a serious disease; late age of onset
Major depressive vs manic vs hypomanic episodes
Major depressive episodes: depressive mood
Manic episodes: severely elevated mood
Hypomanic episodes: less severe elevated mood
The most common method of death by suicide
firearms
Two symptoms of GAD
Physical symptoms (muscle tension, irritability)
Worry about minor everyday concerns
persists for 6 months or more
Exposure and ritual prevention
exposure to cues that would trigger obsessions, with prevention of compensatory compulsions. Example: Patient with fears about contamination who washes her hands compulsively has to touch every doorknob in her house and then make dinner without washing her hands. Or the faucets may be removed from the house to discourage washing the client soon learns that no harm is done whether the rituals are carried out or not.
depersonalization vs. derealization vs dissociative fugue
Depersonalization – distortion in perception of one’s body or experience (e.g., feeling like your own body isn’t real)
Derealization – losing a sense of the external world (e.g., sense of living in a dream)
Dissociative fugue: During an amnestic episode, person travels or wanders, sometimes assuming a new identity in a different place
MDD VS PDD
MDD: One or more major depressive episodes separated by periods of remission (at least 2 months); Recurrent episodes – more common; Median duration of MDD: 4-5 months
PDD: Less severe symptoms; lasts for at least 2 years; no more than 2 months of remission
Two gender differences in suicide
males complete more suicide; females attempt more suicides
males use more lethal methods than females
Two drugs and two therapy-based approaches for anxiety disorders
SSRIs or antidepressants
CBT
IPT
Exposure
1 difference and 1 similarity between hoarding disorder and OCD
Both include obsessions; equal male to female ratio
OCD tends to wax and wane whereas, hoarding disorder gets worse over time
hoarding disorder can begin early in life
two treatment approaches to somatic symptom disorders
Cognitive behavior therapy
"gatekeeper" physician
detailed education
reassurance by physician
reducing supportive consequences of illness
Name and describe any 3 specifiers that can be applied to MDD and PDD
atypical
catatonic
mixed
melancholic
peripartum
seasonal patterns
psychotic
anxious distress
three risk factors for suicide
Suicide in the family
Low serotonin levels
Preexisting psychological disorder
Alcohol use and abuse
Stressful life event, especially humiliation
Past suicidal behavior
Plan and access to lethal methods
2 symptoms and 2 treatment approaches for PTSD
symptoms:
emotional numbing, avoidance, reckless behavior, interpersonal problems, nightmares, flashbacks
Psychoanalytic therapy: catharsis = reliving emotional trauma to relieve suffering
Cognitive-behavioral treatment
Medications
SSRIs: lower heightened anxiety and panic attacks
clinical description and treatment of BDD
A preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance
Two treatments
SSRIs
Exposure and response prevention
Factitious disorders vs. factitious disorders imposed on another vs. malingering
Factitious: Purposely faking physical symptoms; May actually induce physical symptoms or just pretend to have them; No obvious external gains; Only external gain may be benefit of “sick role” (e.g., sympathy)
Factitious imposed on another: Inducing symptoms in another person;Typically a caregiver induces symptoms in a dependent (e.g. child) to receive attention, pity)
Malingering:physical symptoms are faked for the purpose of achieving a concrete objective (e.g., getting paid time off, avoiding military service)
2 medications and 2 forms of therapy for mood disorders
SSRIs, tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, mixed reuptake inhibitors, lithium (bipolar)
ECT, TMS, CBT, Interpersonal psychotherapy, family therapy
suicide prevention strategies by mental health professionals
no-suicide contracts
developing a safety plan
risk assessments
removing access to lethal methods