The Eyes and Seeing
______ is the difference in retinal images, in which there is a slight difference in view between your left and right eye (can be shown by holding up an object and closing one eye and looking at it, then closing the other).
Binocular disparity
What is another name for ear drum?
tympanic membrane
Facts we know about Abraham Lincoln or the water cycle are examples of our knowledge and facts about the world. These are examples of what type of memory?
Semantic memory
In Vygotsky’s sociocultural developmental theory, _________ is known as the stage at which children benefit from instruction.
zone of proximal development
The marshmallow test is a way to study children’s ______.
self-control, inhibitory control, or ability to control our impulses
_____ is the conversion of stimulus to electrical signal (hint: mentioned in material for seeing and hearing)
Transduction
This snail-shaped sense organ within the inner ear is what converts vibration into neural activity
cochlea
Riding a bike or tying your shoe are examples of what type of memory?
Procedural memory
_____ is the ability to reason about what other people know and believe. In other words, children develop this capacity after they can acknowledge that sometimes, they know what other people don’t know.
Theory of mind
What is 1 type of explicit memory (hint: explicit memory is a part of long-term memory)?
Semantic: our knowledge of facts about the world
Episodic: recollection of events in our lives
_____ gets oversaturated in too much light.
Rods
The _____ are the three tiniest bones in the body, they are called the ____, ___, and ____.
ossicles
hammer, anvil, and stirrup
Based on the levels of processing model, what is one helpful tip for studying?
levels of processing model, work to process ideas deeply and meaningfully.
Tips: 1) avoid writing notes down word for word from instructor’s lecture, write them in your own words. 2) connect new knowledge with existing knowledge, make connections (elaborative rehearsal)
My baby cousin seems disturbed by a new person or other stimuli at first, but gradually adjusts to them and then acts calm and happy. Which of the three major temperament styles would my cousin best be categorized into?
"Slow to warm up"
What is the function of the pinna?
it funnels sound waves unto the ear drum.
________ is the idea that color vision is based on three primary colors- blue, green, and red.
Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
This supports the organ of corti and the hair cells within the cochlea
Basilar membrane
What is context-dependent learning?
superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
During the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s stages of development, in which infants are focused on the “here and now” without the ability to represent experiences mentally, infants have difficulty understanding _____.
Object permanence (the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view)
Name one parenting style and define it
Authoritarian: high control, low acceptance
Authoritative: high control, high acceptance
Permissive: high acceptance, low control
Uninvolved: low control, low acceptance
Based on this theory, objects are made up of features our cells detect separately (color, shape, etc.). The brain must detect these features and integrate them into a whole object. What is this theory called?
Feature integration theory
Define place theory
a specific place along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch
Hair cells located at the base of the basilar membrane= most excited by high pitched tones
Hair cells located at the top = most excited by low-pitched tones
Define retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia
retrograde: loss of memories from our past
anterograde: inability to encode new memories from our experiences
Explain the difference between “accommodation” and “assimilation” from Piaget’s theory of development.
Accommodation: altering your schema (knowledge structure) to make it more compatible with new experiences
Assimilation: taking in new information into current schemas (knowledge structures)
____ is the phenomenon where your eyes rotate inwards to focus on an object, and the degree to which they rotate indicates to your brain how near or far an object is - nearer objects require a greater degree of inward rotation than objects farther from your face.
binocular convergence