Cytology
Name three organelles of your choice and their function
nucleus, mitochondria, golgi, smooth/rough ER, lysosomes, peroxisomes, plasma membrane, ribosomes
Name the function of transitional epithelia and give at least two examples where you would find this tissue
stretching/relaxing of tissue to accommodate for urine volume changes.
Urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra.
Describe the lines of cleavage? What do they help with?
The orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in parallel bundles. When cut parallel with these fibers, healing is quicker and less scarring from surgery.
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
apoptosis -programmed cell death
necrosis -incidental cell death due to injury/illness.
Name all three muscle tissue types and give a identifiable factor about each
skeletal - striated, multinucleate, vonluntary, cylindrical
Cardiac - striated, intercalated discs, involuntary, autorythmic
Smooth - not striated, involuntary, walls of hollow structures (vessels)
Name 5 functions of the integumentary system
Protection, prevents water loss/gain, metabolic regulation, immune function, secretion and absorption, temp regulation, sensory reception
Describe cancer. What types of tumors can be present? what is p53?
Uncontrolled cell division becomes a tumor.
benign- does not metastasize
malignant - cells are able to metastasize
p53 is a gene found linked to cancer. Normally they are destroyed in G1 of the cell cycle, mutant p53 becomes cancer.
Describe dense regular CT and dense irregular CT and give an example of each.
Regular - ligaments and tendons; withstands stress in one direction
Irregular - dermis of skin; withstands stress applied in all directions
Name all layers of skin from DEEP to SUPERFICIAL.
Which is unique to thick skin and where is thick skin present?
Startum Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
Lucidum; palms/soles
What is transcription and translation?
transcription- occurs in the nucleus, pre-mRNA is transcribed from DNA to from mRNA before exiting.
Translation- mRNA is read by ribosome to direct tRNA to add AA's to form protein
steps for each: initiation, elongation, termination.
A=T C=G A=U(RNA)
Name some difference between compact and spongy bone.
compact - has osteons and lamellae, very strong.
Spongy - lacks osteons, has trabeculae, houses RBM and carries out hemopoiesis. More lightweight
Describe first, second, and third degree burns and the difference between each. How do we gauge the severity of burns?
First - only epidermis is damaged
Second - both the epidermis and some dermis are damaged
Third - Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer are damaged
Rule of nines
What are the stages of the cell cycle from the point where they are not dividing? Explain what happens in each step.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Name all three types of cartilage, their functions, and where to find each one.
Hyaline - provide support, forms fetal skeleton but can be seen in tip of nose, trachea/larynx, costal cartilage, and articular ends of bones.
Fibro - Resist compression, shock absorber; found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and meniscus of knee.
Elastic - Maintain shape while performing extensive flexibility; Found in external ear and epiglottis of larynx.
Give the four steps of wound healing
1. injury to vessel
2. clot forms and WBC clean
3. Regeneration of vessel and granulation tissue forms
4. Epithelium regenerates and scar tissue forms