Social Cognition
Humans are ________ _______
What is Cognitive Misers
Cognitive Misers- Human tendency to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways.
Coordinated, multicomponent response to a personally meaningful event
often seconds to minutes
what is an emotion
A learned, evaluative response toward an object, person, idea, or event
What is an attitude
Two or more people who interact with one another, share a common identity or goal, and perceive themselves as belonging together
What is groups
This 1960 task by Peter Wason demonstrated confirmation bias when participants focused on finding examples that supported their hypothesis rather than testing alternative possibilities.
What is the 2-4-6 study
Judging how likely or common something is based on how easily you can think of examples.
What is Availability Heuristic
Can y'all think of so examples?
What are the 5 components of emotions?
What is Cognitive appraisals, Subjective experience, Physiological response, Action tendencies, Behavioral expression
The ABC model stands for
What is Attitudes, Behavioral, Cognitive
- Bonus: Where are beliefs in this model
An example : participants are divided into groups A and B for an arbitrary reason such as shirt type or color preference. After being distributed into arbitrary groups individuals will begin to show favoritism to members of their group and prejudice towards members of other groups. What theory is this?
What is minimal group paradigm
We favor our own members, boosting self esteem, and "we" succeed
what is in group favoritism
Using a piece of information as a starting point and adjusting from there - but not adjusting enough
What is Anchoring Bias
- How I can remember this,
Hear a number (the anchor)
Ask yourself: “Is my answer higher or lower than this?”
Adjust up or down from that starting point
4Stop adjusting when the number “feels about right”
The Problem: We don’t adjust far enough from the initial anchor, cause our brains can be super lazy
the paradox that parents often experience lower day-to-day happiness, higher stress, and reduced marital satisfaction, yet simultaneously report greater overall life satisfaction, purpose, and meaning.
What is the parenthood paradox
_____ ____engages all three ABC components simultaneously: you feel something, you act, and you form beliefs all at once
What is direct experience
- Direct experience is one of the main route to attitude formation.
attitudes formed through direct experience are more accessible, more confidently held, and better predictors of future behavior
the ability to influence or control the behavior, thoughts, or outcomes of others
what is power
A negative, high-arousal emotion typically in response to a real or imagined threat or provocation or goal blockage
What is Anger
the tendency to believe that someone who has been successful in a task or activity is more likely to be successful again in further attempts
vs
our belief that the probability of a random event occurring in the future is influenced by previous instances of that type of event
What is hot hand vs Gambler’s Fallacy
Both of these tendency have effects on gambling addictions. If you get lucky and winning one round of poker, you are more likely to play another round.
hot hand- more of believing that luck will continue
gamblers fallacy- believing results will "even them out"
A positive, high arousal emotion comprised of pleasure, life satisfaction, and overall well-being
vs
A negative, low arousal emotion typically triggered by loss, disappointment, or unmet expectations
What is happiness vs sadness
studied the mere- exposure effect, participants were asked to read nonsense words over and over again. Later they showed more favorable respond to those because they were shown more
What is Zajonc (1968)
Famous study about an experiment with college students that showed how power can change individuals.
What is the Stanford prison experiment
a psychological phenomenon where the desire for group cohesiveness and harmony overrides the motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action
what is groupthink
The tendency to notice and search for information that confirms what we already believe, while ignoring information that contradicts our beliefs
What is conformation bias
A psychologist who found that discrete emotions have distinct facial expressions cross-culturally, all over the world
Participants performed boring tasks, then were paid $1 or $20 to lie, saying it was fun. Those paid $1 experienced higher dissonance (insufficient justification) and later reported actually enjoying the task more to resolve the internal conflict, unlike the $20 group
What is Festinger & Carlsmith (1995) Cognitive dissonance
1/3 of the prison guards in the standford experiment acting sadisitc what does this show?
What is how power can change people even if it is fake
Why would the ABC competents not match real life situations sometimes
What is situational barriers, ambivalent barriers, attitude vs habit