Learning
Type of consequence: rewarding a desired behavior with something that is wanted / give a good stimulus
What is positive reinforcement?
The ability to focus attention on 1 stimulus and ignore other, irrelevant information.
What is selective attention?
LEARNING
The unlearned reflex caused by the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
What is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
A type of declarative memory, your knowledge of facts
What is semantic memory?
Freud's mediatior between the Id and the Superego
What is the ego?
The process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur. For each action closer to the desired outcome, a reinforcement or reward is provided until the target behavior is achieved.
What is shaping?
The ability to maintain focused awareness on a stimulus or idea
What is sustained attention?
MEMORY
Strategies to aid in retention (e.g., PEMDAS)
What are mnemonics?
The name of the effect that explains why you remember items from the end of a list better than those in the middle
What is the recency effect?
A category we use to organize and interpret information, or concept of what something is.
What are schemas?
The phase of classical conditioning where the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented with the neutral stimulis (NS)
What is acquisition?
What is fluid intelligence?
MEMORY
When you are unable to recall events from the past/before the brain injury.
What is retrograde amnesia?
When new learning/new information gets in the way of remembering old information
What is retroactive interference?
What is theory of mind?
When you present a target with the conditioned stimulus (CS) in larger doses gradually, without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The focus of the Little Peter Study and foundation for the treatment of phobias.
What is systematic desensitization?
The heuristic that is activated when we base our evaluation of a new stimulus on prototypical or stereotypical cases
What is the representativeness heuristic
MEMORY
Rehearsing information overtime (e.g., studying for an exam a little bit every day instead of cramming) is a tip that helps you to do this.
What helps us encode information better?
The name of the rate of storage decay, discovered by Herman Ebbinghaus; when retention drops sharply initially after learning, then levels off
What is the forgetting curve?
The inability to understand that others have a different perspective.
What is egocentrism?
Albert Bandura's famous experiment that led to development of his theory of Observational Learning.
What is the Bobo Doll experiment?
One type of thinking involves thinking outside of the box and exploring multiple possible solutions to an idea, while the other uses multiple facts to arrive at 1 correct answer.
What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking?
DEVELOPMENT
Criticisms of this theory are that it is too individually focused (with the last stage being culturally biased) and that decisions we make in this domain are not rational, but gut emotional decisions
What are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
When you encode something by thinking about its meaning, not just its perceptual features
What is semantic encoding?
A child with this attachment style explores with or without parents there, is not distressed when the mother leaves, does not seek out comfort from the mother when she returns. Parents of children with this attachment style are emotionally unavailable and dislike neediness.
What is an avoidant (attachment style)?