Sensation and Perception
States of Consciousness
Learning
Memory
Random!
100
What is the blindspot?
The blindspot refers to the optic disc (place in the retina with no photoreceptors and is where the optic nerve leaves the retina). Our brain fills in the gap but you can test this by looking up examples online or in your textbook.
100
What is needed to observe a state of awareness in humans?
Language
100
Learning is a ________________________________ change in behavior.
What is relatively permanent? *due to neuroplasticity*
100
The person that first started studying memory.
Who is Ebbinghaus? *used nonsense syllables to study memory savings
100
During the __________________________, you are more likely to remember the beginning and ending of a list but not the middle due to the 2 types of interference.
What is Serial position effect? (primacy and recency)
200
The current idea of Gestalt that Dr. Jakubow stressed in class.
What is all stimuli must be embedded in a context? (Figure vs Ground)
200
What happens during stage 1?
What are hypnagogic sensations? (mini dreams, feelings of falling and weightlessness) *Note that you only go into stage 1 once during sleep
200
The 5 processes apply to both classical and operant conditioning.
What is acquisition (when you first make the association leading to the CR), extinction (present CS alone to reduce CR), spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination?
200
What is the job of the hippocampus and how it relates to memory?
Hippocampus files away memories into LTM and retrieves memories to bring back to STM.
200
When do you usually experience bottom-up processing?
When you usually experience things for the first time.
300
Two examples of binocular cues for depth perception.
What is Retinal disparity and Convergence?
300
Give an example of a stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen.
Stimulant = caffeine, nicotine, inhalents, ampetamines, and cocaine. Depressant = alcohol, opiates, barbituates, and tranquilizers Hallucinogen = marijuana, LSD MDMA (both a stimulant and hallucinogen)
300
The schedule of reinforcement used while you're waiting for a very important phone call.
What is Variable Interval?
300
The two types of retrieval.
What is recall and recognition?
300
Using money to buy chips out of the vending machine. What is the primary and secondary reinforcer?
Primary = chips (biological need which is food) Secondary = money (needed to obtain the need and is usually associated with the primary reinforcer)
400
How do the 2 properties of wave relate to vision?
What is the wavelength (color by the cones) and amplitude (brightness/intensity by rods)?
400
________________ is altered state of consciousness that can promote people to be unusually responsive to suggestions.
What is hypnosis?
400
Scratching a bug bite is an example of what type of punishment or reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement (taking away something annoying like the itchy bug bite. If the scratching felt good and relieved the itchiness then you'll be more likely to do it again in the future)
400
The 3 steps to how a memory is formed.
What is encoding (sensory receptors to STM to LTM), storage (in LTM), retrieval (LTM back to STM)?
400
What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing?
Automatic = no effort (space, duration, frequency) Effortful = needs attention which includes rehearsal (symbolic manipulation)
500
What is the difference between absolute threshold, difference threshold, and the just noticeable difference?
AT = the minimum amount of stimulation need to detect a stimulus 50% of the time (just detecting if you heard a sound or not). DT = the minimum difference (in energy) someone can detect between 2 stimuli 50% of the time. (Hearing 2 different sounds at 2 different Hz) JND = much like the difference threshold but it is the psychological unit (when you notice that the sounds are different).
500
What are some things associated with REM sleep?
1) REM shows very active brainwaves on an EEG even though the person is asleep (paradoxical sleep). 2) REM periods get longer the longer you sleep 3) Dreaming occurs 4) Memory consolidation 5) REM is associated with body paralysis
500
Who are the people involved in classical and operant conditioning?
Pavlolv = classical conditioning; founder; dog & metronome Watson = classical conditioning; behaviorism; little albert exp Thorndike = operant; founder; puzzle box; law of effect B.F. Skinner = operant; skinner box/ operant chamber; schedule of reinforcement.
500
Name some attributes of STM.
1) lasts 30 seconds 2) holds (5-9) items (average of 7) 3) Attention = Working memory + rehearsal
500
What are some issues with retrieval?
1) State dependent memory 2) Congruent moods effect 3) Priming
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