The type of conditioning pioneered by Thorndike and Skinner, in which certain behaviors lead to certain outcomes, is _________.
What is operant conditioning?
100
This process occurs when we organize a long stream of information into several smaller meaningful subunits. It often helps people store more information in short-term memory.
What is chunking?
100
When adolescents talk to their ___________, it is likely an unequal exchange in which they seek advice, whereas when adolescents talk to their ____________, it is more likely to be a mutual, equal exchange in which they both give and seek advice.
What is parents
peers
100
This universal emotion may only last for a second and is typically recognized when people raise their eyebrows, widen their eyes, and open their mouths.
What is surprise?
200
In Pavlov’s experiment, the sound of the bell eliciting salivation is the _________ stimulus.
What is conditioned?
200
_________________ is the neural process by which encoded information becomes stored in memory.
What is consolidation?
200
According to Erik Erikson’s theory of human development, the “major psychosocial crisis” that adolescents need to resolve is the crisis of _________________.
What is identity vs. role confusion?
200
According to this hypothesis, our emotions arise as a result of the positioning of our facial muscles.
What is the "facial feedback hypothesis"?
300
This stimulus occurs after a response to an event, and it increases the likelihood that the same response will be repeated in the future.
What is a reinforcer?
300
If information is repeatedly rehearsed, if people pay attention to the details, or if it aids in adaptation to an environment, information is transferred from ___________ memory to _________.
What is short-term/working memory
long-term memory
300
Through Mary Ainsworth’s _________________, she identified two main styles of attachment between an infant and his or her primary caregiver, _______________ and _________________ attachment.
What is strange situation test
secure
insecure
300
Playing a sport in order to secure a scholarship for college is an example of this type of motivation.
What is extrinsic motivation?
400
When Francie gets an A on a test, her parents tell her she doesn’t have to do clean her room for the rest of that week. This is an example of ___________.
What is negative reinforcement?
400
Su gets in the car, puts the key in the ignition, and starts to drive out of the parking lot. As she pulls onto the street she realizes that she doesn’t remember doing any of the steps necessary to start the car. This is an example of _______________ memory
What is procedural/implicit memory?
400
A toddler sees a helicopter for the first time and points at it and says “look, an airplane!” Because he has never seen one before, he must create a new _____________ for helicopters through the process of ______________.
What is schema
accomodation
400
Name two of the four necessary conditions for self-actualization.
What are any of the following:
freedom from societal/self constraints, no
distraction from lower needs, secure in self-image & relationships, realistic knowledge of self
500
Professor Jenkins likes to give quizzes in class. She gives quizzes throughout the semester, and students never know whether or not they’ll have to take a quiz on a given day. According to operant conditioning, this is an example of a ___________________________________.
What is a variable reinforcement schedule?
500
According to the information processing theory, there are three stages of memory. In order, these are _____________, ______________, and ______________ .
What is encoding, storage, retrieval.
500
Children in Piaget’s preoperational stage (2-7 years) lack an understanding of the law of conservation of quantity, which states that _______________. He exhibited this with a study that showed that these children do not understand conservation of ________.
What is Even if a substance’s appearance changes, its quantity may remain the same;
Liquids
500
According to this tendency, we often underestimate our ability to be happy again after the loss of a loved one...interestingly, we can also underestimate how happy we will be after winning the lottery.