Modes of Measurement
Sampling
Multiple-Item Scales
Single-Item Scales
Potpourri
100
What mode of measurement has a third party rate another individual
Informant
100
The set of all people, objects, or events of interest to the researcher is termed the _______________________.
Population
100
When a rater overestimates the desirable qualities of people they like, they demonstrate what type of bias?
Generosity Bias
100
Adding a "no opinion" option or a filter question helps to address which problem related to item wording?
The "I don't know" problem
100
In the hot sauce paradigm, what was the indirect behavioral measure?
amount of hot sauce participants would give someone who insulted them
200
Asking, "Is the subject interpreting the question the way I intended?" is a disadvantage for which mode of measurement?
Self-Report
200
What is the MAIN difference between a probability and a non-probability sample?
Whether we KNOW how likelihood a population element will be included in a sample (remember also: random selection) Probability Sample: Can specify for each element of the population the probability that it will be included in the sample Non-Probability Sample: No way to estimate the probability each element has of being included in the sample (and no assurance every element has some chance of being included)
200
Which level of measurement is most frequently used in the social sciences?
Ordinal Level of Measurement (e.g., SD D N A SA)
200
What are the three types of item content?
Facts, Behaviors, & Attitudes/Beliefs
200
This is an example of what type of scale? Check the items that you agree with: ___Slapping a child’s hand is appropriate to teach the meaning of “no!” ___Spanking is sometimes necessary ___Sometimes discipline requires using a belt or paddle. ___Some children need a good beating to help keep them in line.
Cumulative multi-item scale (aka Guttman Scale)
300
Not answering truthfully by reacting to the interviewer's personal characteristics is called ________________
interviewer effects
300
Handpicking cases judged to be “typical” of the population represents what type of sampling technique?
Purposive Sampling (a NON-probability sampling method)
300
What are the three types of scales for quantifying individual judgments?
1. graphic 2. itemized 3. comparative
300
A question that combines two separate ideas, yet requires a single response, is called a _________________
double-barreled question
300
What is the Hawthorne Effect?
When peoples behavior changes simply because they are aware that they are being observed
400
What are 3 disadvantages of Informant Data?
limited perspective potential for bias potential for error inconsistent results can be costly
400
We want to sample the MSU student population that consists of 10% graduate students and 90% undergraduates. To ensure that our sample is representative of the MSU population, we make our sample 10% grad students and 90% undergrads. This sampling technique used is _______________________________
Stratified Random Sampling
400
What is the theoretical logic that we use to develop multi-item measurement scales?
Domain Sampling (a sampling of items from all possible relevant items) (should ask an item for each subcomponent of the attitude)
400
Name 2 of the five reasons that attitudes are difficult to measure?
1. opinions may be developed on the spot 2. respondent may not have an opinion 3. opinions are complex/multidimensional 4. there are 2 dimensions (direction AND intensity) 5. there's no "right" answer
400
What is the item discrimination for a ceiling effect AND for a floor effect?
The item discrimination for a ceiling effect = 0 (both the top scorers and bottom scorers get the item correct) The item discrimination for a floor effect = 0 (both the top scorers and bottom scorers get the item incorrect)
500
What about the IAT (implicit Association Test) makes it a type of behavioral measure?
the reaction times to different pairings on the computer screen
500
What is sampling error?
- lack of “match” or difference between a sample and the population - the difference between the sample and the population as a whole
500
What "type" of items will elicit agreement from people with positions near the item’s scale value?
Non-monotone items (Monotone Items –are clearly favorable or unfavorable to the object)
500
An item has the following item statistics: item difficulty = .60 item discrimination = .90 What is the accurate interpretation of these item statistics?
Item difficulty: 60% of the test takers got this item correct Item discrimination: this has a high item discrimination (close to 1) which means that it can differentiate well between those who knew the material and those who did not
500
Name all 9 sampling techniques we discussed in lecture.
(probability) 1.simple random 2. systematic 3. cluster 4. stratified random 5. multistage (non-probability) 6. accidental 7. quota 8. snowball 9. purposive
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