Memory
What is retrieval in memory?
Getting information out of long-term storage
What neurotransmitter is often associated with motivation and reward?
Dopamine
What is the main driving force for behavior according to Adler?
Success or Superiority
Milgram's shock study examined what?
Obedience to authority
What does SSRI stand for?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
What is encoding specificity?
When encoding a new memory, we include not just the information but the context in which it happens
Name two major roles of the amygdala.
Emotion regulation, consolidation of emotional memories, social cognition
What is a heritability ratio?
an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
What are the two routes for persuasion?
Central (logical), peripheral (associations)
What brain structure may be overactive in anxiety disorders?
Amygdala
What are the 3 stages of the Modal Model of Memory?
Sensory, short-term, long-term
Physiological arousal (bodily response)
Freud divided personality into what 3 components?
Id, ego, superego
What terms represent the affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of a negative attitude toward a particular group?
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
Constructive coping can take what 3 focuses?
Appraisal, emotion, problem
What are the 4 components of Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory?
Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
What are extrinsic and intrinsic motivators?
Motivation from an external source (money, reward, praise); motivation from an internal source (growth, enjoyment)
How can high-self efficacy be developed (4 methods)?
Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, management of emotional and physiological states, verbal persuasion
How is normative social influence different from informational social influence?
Normative is conformity to fit in, informative is conformity because of belief in the group's knowledge/values
What is comorbidity?
The simultaneous experience of multiple mental illnesses or disorders
What is memory reconsolidation?
When a long-term memory is retrieved, it becomes flexible and must be re-encoded into a stable form
What are the 5 original levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization
What are the Big 5 personality traits?
Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
How is social loafing different from the bystander effect?
Social loafing is putting in less work in a group, bystander effect is not helping when witnessing a problem
How can conditioning explain phobias and/or PTSD?
A previously neutral stimulus is associated with extreme fear/trauma and a conditioned fear response is created