Correlations
This value tells us the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.
What is a correlation coefficient (r)?
This is the main purpose of a t-test in research.
What is to determine whether the means of two groups are significantly different?
ANOVA stands for this.
What is Analysis of Variance?
In this type of design, each participant experiences only one condition.
What is a between-subjects design?
You want to know whether males and females differ in average hours of sleep per night.
What is an independent-samples t-test?
If r = –0.85, this describes the relationship between variables.
What is a strong negative correlation?
A study compares stress levels of athletes vs. non-athletes. This type of t-test is used.
What is an independent-samples t-test?
A one-way ANOVA compares means across this many groups.W
What is three or more groups?
In this type of design, each participant experiences all conditions.
What is a within-subjects design?
You test students’ anxiety before and after mindfulness training.
What is a paired-samples (dependent) t-test?
A correlation of 0.00 means this about the relationship.
What is no linear relationship or no correlation between the two variables?
If the same participants are tested before and after an intervention, this type of t-test is used.
What is a paired-samples (dependent) t-test?
A significant ANOVA tells us at least one group differs, but to find which ones, we need this.
What is a post-hoc test?
Tukey test, LSD, Bonferroni
This is a main advantage of within-subjects designs compared to between-subjects.
What is reduced error from individual differences / increased statistical power?
What is lower necessary sample size?
You want to compare test performance across three different teaching methods.
What is a one-way ANOVA?
Correlation cannot tell us this about the relationship between variables.
What is causation?
The p-value associated with the t-test results tells us this about the null hypothesis.
What is the likelihood that the null hypothesis is true?
What is the likelihood of a Type I error?
This statistic in an ANOVA tells us the ratio of between-group to within-group variance.
What is the F-ratio or F-score?
A disadvantage of within-subjects designs, especially when the order of conditions affects results.
What are carryover or order effects or practice/fatigue effects?
You want to see whether two continuous variables, stress level and hours of sleep, are related.
What is a correlation?
A study finds r = 0.60 between hours studied and GPA. If we square the correlation, we get this value and interpret it as this.
What is r² = 0.36, meaning 36% of variance in GPA is explained by study hours?
A researcher compares two groups with unequal sample sizes. Before interpreting the results, they should check this assumption to ensure the t-test is valid.
What is the assumption of equal variances (homogeneity of variance), often tested using Levene’s test?
In an ANOVA, η² (eta squared) represents this.
What is effect size (proportion of variance explained)?
A researcher uses both between- and within-subject variables. This is called a ____.
What is a mixed design
A researcher measures reaction time (in milliseconds) for participants tested in three conditions: low noise, medium noise, and high noise. The same participants complete all three conditions. Which statistical test should be used?
What is a repeated-measures one-way ANOVA?