Hypotheses, Significance, & Errors
This hypothesis predicts there is no significant difference between groups or variables.
What is the null hypothesis?
This t-test compares the means of two independent groups.
What is the independent samples t-test?
A correlation that increases as both variables increase.
What is a positive correlation?
This test compares observed vs expected frequencies in categorical data.
What is the chi-square test?
This statistical technique combines results from multiple studies.
What is a meta-analysis?
The hypothesis that predicts there is a difference or relationship between variables.
What is the alternative (research) hypothesis?
This t-test compares the means of two related (paired) scores from the same participants.
What is the dependent (paired) samples t-test?
When one variable increases while the other decreases, the correlation is described as this.
What is a negative correlation?What is a negative correlation?
Chi-square is best used with this level of data.
What is nominal data?
The visual representation of a meta-analysis is known as this.
What is a forest plot?
This is the level of risk a researcher accepts when possibly rejecting a true null hypothesis.
What is the alpha level (significance level)?
This test compares the means of three or more independent groups.
What is a one-way ANOVA?
The strength of a correlation is measured by this value.
What is the correlation coefficient (r)?
The one-variable version of chi-square is known as this.
What is a test of goodness of fit?
The vertical line in a forest plot represents this.
What is the line of no effect?
A Type I error happens when you do this to a true null hypothesis.
What is reject it (false positive)?
When the same group of participants is measured multiple times, this ANOVA is used.
What is a repeated measures ANOVA?
A correlation of r = 0 indicates this type of relationship.
What is no relationship?
When comparing two variables with chi-square, it’s called this.
What is a test of independence?
When the diamond does not cross the line of no effect, the result is considered this.
What is statistically significant?
A Type II error occurs when you do this to a false null hypothesis.
What is accept it (false negative)?
When you have two or more independent variables, this ANOVA is appropriate.
What is a factorial ANOVA?
This type of chart is used to display correlations visually.
What is a scatter plot?
The assumptions for chi-square tests differ from parametric tests because they do not require this.
What is a normal distribution?
The “whiskers” in a forest plot represent these.
What are the confidence intervals?
Replicating a study helps reduce this type of error, often called a false positive.
What is a Type I error?
This analysis allows researchers to compare multiple dependent variables at once.
What is a MANOVA (Multivariate ANOVA)?
The percentage of variance in one variable explained by another is shown by this statistic.
What is the coefficient of determination (r²)?
These tests, including chi-square, do not require equal group variance or large samples.
What are nonparametric tests?
The size of each box in a forest plot indicates this.
What is the weight or influence of the study?
Increasing your sample size primarily helps reduce this type of error.
What is a Type II error?
This type of ANOVA controls for the effects of an existing variable.
What is an ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance)?
A correlation of .90 indicates what type of relationship strength?
What is a very strong positive correlation?
If the number of people preferring coffee vs tea differs from what was expected, this test would be used.
What is a chi-square test?
This test checks whether the included studies in a meta-analysis are consistent with one another.
What is the test of heterogeneity?
The probability of making a Type I error when alpha = .05.
What is 5%?
The degrees of freedom for t(79) indicate how many participants were analyzed across both groups.
participants were analyzed across both groups.What is 81 participants (n₁ + n₂ − 2 = 79)?
A correlation of -.66 would be described as this.
What is a strong negative correlation?
The “expected values” in a chi-square table are based on this assumption.
What is chance or equal distribution?
This measure (η²) represents the proportion of variance explained in an ANOVA.
What is eta-squared?
When you reject a false null hypothesis, you’ve made this type of decision.
What is a correct decision?
This post-hoc test is often used after finding a significant ANOVA result to determine which groups differ.
What is the Tukey or Bonferroni test?
Correlation can show relationships, but not this.
What is Causation!
Nonparametric tests are sometimes referred to as these types of statistics.
What are distribution-free statistics?
This measure (ω²) shows effect size in a factorial ANOVA.
What is omega-squared?
This term describes how meaningful or practically important your findings are, beyond significance.
What is effect size?
In a 2×2×3 factorial ANOVA, this is the number of independent variables.
What is three?
This test examines whether the correlation between two variables is statistically significant
What is the Pearson product-moment correlation test?
This test checks if two groups have equal variance before conducting a t-test or ANOVA.
What is Levene’s test?
A meta-analysis helps overcome both Type I and Type II errors because it does this.
What is combines multiple studies, increasing power and reliability?