M8
what material is the aircrafts structure usually made up of
Aluminum, titanium, and carbonfiber
What is a hydraulic system?
A hydraulic system uses a fluid under pressure to drive machinery or move mechanical components
Why is a pump essential in any aircraft hydraulic system?
The pump creates the pressure needed to move actuators and operate aircraft components.
What are the primary flight controls
Ailerons, Elevators, and Rudder
How are electromechanical actuators (EMAs) different from hydraulic actuators?
EMAs use electric motors instead of hydraulic fluid, reducing weight, maintenance, and vulnerability to leaks.
What are some of the main structural components of an aircraft's wing?
Spar, ribs, skin, stringers, fuel tanks, wing tip, leading edge and trailing edge
what is the standard pressure of hydraulic fluid?
3000 to 5000 psi
What is the function of a relief valve?
It releases extra pressure to prevent system damage.
What are the Secondary flight Controls
Flaps, Slats, Spoiles, Trim
How do spoilers differ from air brakes?
Spoilers mainly reduce lift and can assist with roll, while air brakes create drag to slow the aircraft during descent and landing.
What are spoilers, and what do they do?
A flap that extends up onto of the wing to slow the aircraft, ensure minimal lift, and control roll
What is the temp range for hydraulic fluid?
Most commercial systems are designed to tolerate conditions from –65° to 160° F
What are common hydraulic uses on small aircraft?
They are used for wheel brakes, retractable landing gear, and constant-speed propellers.
How does thrust vectoring improve aircraft performance?
It changes the direction of engine thrust to help control pitch, roll, and yaw, improving maneuverability.
Why is the center of gravity important for flight control stability?
Because CG position affects pitch stability; if it’s too far forward or aft, the aircraft becomes unstable or hard to control.
What are slats and what do they do?
Slats are a lift device located on the leading edge of the wing.
Why do aircraft need multiple redundant hydraulic systems
Aircraft use three or four separate hydraulic systems so the plane can still be controlled if one fails. This redundancy is for safety.
What does an actuator or servo do?
It turns hydraulic pressure into mechanical movement.
What is the main advantage of fly-by-wire over mechanical flight control systems?
Fly-by-wire uses computers that interpret pilot inputs, providing stability, automation, and reduced pilot workload.
What does the term “differential deflection” mean in relation to ailerons?
It means one aileron moves up while the other moves down, creating opposite rolling forces.
What do vortex generators do?
Create small vortexes that keep air attached to the wing, improving performance
What is the purpose of the Ram Air Turbine (RAT)?
The RAT provides emergency hydraulic power by using a small propeller-driven pump
Why do aircraft rely on hydraulic systems instead of electric or mechanical systems for major controls?
Hydraulics provide high power, quick response, and reliability while remaining lightweight.
What role do flight control computers play in aircraft operation?
They process sensor data and pilot inputs in real time to maintain stability and prevent overstressing the aircraft.
Why do modern aircraft include redundant flight control architectures?
To ensure safety in case a component fails