Social Structures
The three types of strain identified by Agnew in General Strain Theory are addition of a negative stimuli, removal of a positively valued stimuli, and what third type of strain?
failure to achieve positively valued stimuli or goal
What are the three types of threat according to Social Threat Theory?
symbolic, economic, political
What theories assume that all people would naturally commit crimes if not for restraints like social attachments and investments in society
Control theories
Sutherland was interested in explaining how criminal values and attitudes could be culturally transmitted from one generation to another in which learning theory?
Differential Association Theory
Refers to when the criminal career of an individual ends and he or she opts out of offending (or at least doesn't get caught again).
Desistance
Merton identified conformity, innovation, rebellion, retreatism, and ritualism as ______ in his Classic Strain Theory.
adaptation to strain
What book did Reiman & Leighton's Pyrrhic Defeat Theory originate from?
The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison
Control theories focus on why and how individuals are not socialized into this type of behavior
Conforming
How do virtually all learning theories assume our attitudes and behavioral decisions are acquired?
Communication
Chronic offending (or life-course persistent offending) often starts with what kind of offenses, such as truancy, smoking, and underage drinking, but then escalates to more serious offenses, such as burglary, robbery, and assault.
status/minor offenses
Socially disorganized neighborhoods are characterized by have high rates of poverty, heterogeneity, physical dilapidation, social ills, and?
What perspective assumes that people are not one identity and these identities form who you are and how you perceive and interact with the world?
Intersectionality
The four constructs of social bonding theory are attachment, belief, involvement, and?
Commitment
What theory assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and branded as offenders.
Labeling Theory
Life-Course theories tend to look at the ______ as the unit of analysis or primary focus of the theory.
individual
These theories of crime assume that there are unique groups in society that socialize their children to believe that certain activities that break the law are good ways to behave
Cultural/subcultural
This feminist perspective is heavily criticized for primarily focusing on the interests of white, middle-class, heterosexual women.
liberal feminist perspective
This control theory assumes individuals are born predisposed to self-centered activities and only effective child rearing and higher levels of self-control can overcome this fact
General Theory of Crime or Low Self-Control Theory
What type of interactionism occurs when individuals interpret each other's words or gestures and then act based on the meaning of those gestures.
Symbolic
What is an event that represents a change in the state or role of a person.
transition
Cultures differ from one to another, but ______ will always be rooted in and cannot be seperated from the larger culture.
subcultures
Michelle Alexander argues this is the New Jim Crow.
Mass incarceration
Attempts to create social bonds or a stake in conformity among teens and young adults might be effective according to what kind of theoriests?
Control
In labeling theory, this type of deviance includes the more serious, frequent offending that people commit once they have been caught and labeled an offender.
Secondary deviance
Social bonds developed in adulthood can explain changes in criminality over time according to which control theory?
Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control