CNS and ANS
What is aggultination?
it is the process of identifying foreign invaders and chorales them, forming a blood clot
What is edema and the transport it uses?
swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues done through osmosis
-think hypotonic because there is high concentartion of H2O in blood and a low concentration of H2O in the interstitial fluid
What is the difference between the conducting and respiratory zone?
conducting-filtering the air with mucus
respiratory-CO2/O2 gas exchange
Where does the leftover blood shunt into?
The kidney
What is NOS, its 3, possibly 4 isoforms?
NOS stands for Nitric Oxide Synthase which is a gas that can be an enzyme!
nNOS→neurotransmitters
eNOS→endothelial lining in the blood
iNOS→immune system
mNOS→mitochondrial, it's species specific
What is an antigen?
What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?
increased end-diastolic volume, which is a completely relaxed ventricle leads to contractility, and therefore an increased stroke volume
What happens between steps 1 and 2 for the mechanism of breathing and WHY?
The diaphragm's shape changes from dome to flat to increase surface area. This decreases pressure because P=1/A
1. you don't have a large charge
2. you are small
fight or flight vs wine and dine
What is the difference between clotting and agglutination?
one is platelet based while the other is based on a immune response mounted by antibodies
What is the cardiac output equation, and name one thing that directly or inversely affects each component?
cardiac output=cardiac rate x stroke volume
CR<--parasympathetic nerves
SV←EDV
What are the three things the determines the binding and/or releases of CO2/O2?
1. partial pressure
2. pH (acidosis and alkalosis)
3. the presence of 2,3 GDP
What are the parts of the nephron
glomerulus capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct
High BP, Constipation, Kidney Infection, Retinoblastoma, etc...
What is a major event that determines primary versus secondary clot?
Primary: platelet plug
Secondary: fibrinogen to fibrin facilitated by thrombin
Name four things that have a directly proportional relationship to end-diastolic volume?
Venous return, venous pressure, blood volume, and negative intra-thoracic pressure
What is the mechanism that helps explains cystic fibrosis?
the muco-ciliary escalator
-there is a mutation with the ion channel, so the sol layer is not present in people with this disease
What are the transports used in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
Secondary Active Transport, Primary Active Transport, and Facilitated Diffusion
What are two types of AcH receptors we learned about, and what are their functions? (Bonus points for describing their mechanism, BE SPECIFIC!)
Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors
What is LDL and HDL? Which one is good, where do we find both, and what type of transport do they use? (BE SPECIFIC)
Low and High density lipoprotein
-HDL is good. We find HDL in the liver, while LDL is found in all cells of the body
-they use receptor-mediated endocytosis, which is a type of active transport
What does ADH stand for, what does it do, and what is the purpose of the cascade it belongs to?
anti-diuretic hormone is a chemical that regulates water balance, or it retains water during dehydration. The blood osmolality cascade's purpose is for maintenance
What happens when you take in too much CO2, and why is this bad? BE SPECIFIC
1. induces redox reaction and damages heart cells
2. creates carbonic acid (CO2+H2O) and creates acid environment which messes with the secondary level of proteins. Now, they don't work
What are the specialized protein channels found in the collecting duct, and what mediates their activity?
Aquaporins. The ADH acts as a signaling molecule that causes the vesicle to dock, fuse into the plasma membrane, and relocate the aquaporins to face the urine take the water out