According to Baumrind, the most effective parental style is
authoritative
100
Money and praise are common examples of ____ reinforcers.
generalized
100
A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every fifth time it pushes the response lever. This is an example of
positive reinforcement
100
In correct order, the three-term contingency consists of
antecedent, behavior, and consequence
100
A child is asked to trace dotted lines in order to learn to write the letters of the alphabet. This is an example of the ____ procedure.
Prompting
200
In a discrete trial procedure, the researcher can measure all of the following except
response rate
200
A powerful sequence for using prompts to establish verbal control of behavior is
physical prompt, gestural prompt, verbal prompt
200
Lyle leaves the theater because the music in the show he is watching is too loud. This is an example of
negative reinforcement
200
When pigeons are trained to earn access to food in the presence of a combined light/tone stimulus, the _________ is most likely to control the instrumental behavior.
light
200
When combined with the terms "reinforcement" or "punishment," the word "positive" means
something is added or presented
300
A positive contingency between a response and an appetitive stimulus is also know as
positive reinforcement.
300
The theory that assumes that during intermittent reinforcement training, the memory of nonreward becomes a cue for performing the instrumental response is
sequential theory
300
Two types of negative punishment are _____ and _____.
time out; response cost
300
The theory that the partial reinforcement extinction effect is due to learning to respond when nonreward is expected is
the frustration theory
300
The term for the emotional reaction to withdrawal of an expected reward is
frustration
400
A positive contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also know as
punishment.
400
Melissa stayed out past her curfew and subsequently lost car privileges for a week. As a result, she never again stayed out past her curfew. This example best illustrates the process of
negative punishment
400
A pigeon is trained to peck a key that turns off a picture of a menacing cat. This is an example of
escape training
400
A(n) ____ stimulus serves as a signal that a response will be followed by a reinforcer.
discriminative
400
Sometimes, removing a stimulus after some response increases the occurrence of that response. An example of this is
negative reinforcement
500
Which combination of attributions is most likely to result in depression?
internal, global, permanent
500
The sound of a click can be an effective tool for shaping after it has been paired with ____, thereby making it a ____.
food; secondary reinforcer
500
Two types of negative reinforcement are _____ and _____.
escape; avoidance
500
The most prominent area to which the concept of helplessness has been applied in human behavior is the study of
depression
500
Deprivation of food ____ overall activity level and ____ the vigor of an instrumental response.