Causality
What kind of association is it when one variable increases as the other decreases?
Negative association
What refers to the adoption of policies, laws, and programs that are supported by empirical data?
Evidence-based public health
Name three problems with the media.
1. Sensational headlines
2. Missing information
3. Reporters lack medical knowledge
4. Results of isolated studies
5. Publication bias
What is a fomite and give an example.
inanimate object that carries infectious diseases.
Ex: doorknobs, medical waste or equipment, linens
What are the two phases of an outbreak investigation?
Descriptive and analytic
The larger the sample size, the ______ power you have to find a significant difference.
more
What is the equation for sensitivity?
Disease+ Disease-
Test+ 90 14 104
Test- 21 175 196
111 189 300
90/111
What are the Four P's of Marketing?
Product, price, place, and promotion
In the epidemiologic triangle, environment can include:
a) physical
b) climate
c) social
d) all of the above
e) a & b
All of the above
The first case that comes to attention is the _______.
Index case
Types of causality: Many factors lead to a disease is _______ cause of disease. Is it more commonly seen in chronic or infectious diseases?
Multifactorial cause of disease. Chronic
Interpret a sensitivity of 98% and a positive predictive value of 87%.
Sensitivity: 98% of those that have the condition tested positive for the condition.
PPV: 87% of those that tested positive actually have the disease.
What is the first step in health communication?
Review background information to define the problem.
What are the three types of immunity discussed in class?
Active: immunity as a result of disease or vaccine
Passive: immunity acquired from antibodies from a person or animal
Herd: community with many people immune to a disease
How do you calculate attack rate? How do you calculate relative risk from attack rates?
Number of people sick / Population at risk x 100
Relative Risk: AR (exposed) / AR (not exposed)
T/F: Smoking is a necessary and sufficient cause of lung cancer.
False; smoking is sufficient, but not necessary
What are the five steps of the policy cycle?
1. Problem definition
2. Agenda setting
3. Policy establishment
4. Policy implementation
5. Policy assessment
When communicating with policy makers, you should do which of the following?
1. Lie if you don't know
2. Be aggressive
3. Avoid using jargon
4. Never follow up with them
3. Avoid using jargon
What is the capacity of an agent to enter and multiple in a susceptible host and produce infection or disease?
Infectivity
Why is the incubation period important in outbreak investigations?
Provides clues regarding possible infectious disease agents that caused the outbreak
Interpret this 95% confidence interval:
OR: 5.6 (95% CI= 4.8 - 6.2)
We are 95% certain that the actual parameter falls between 4.8 and 6.2. It is statistically significant.
Calculate Specificity and NPV.
Disease+ Disease-
Test+ 90 14 104
Test- 21 175 196
111 189 300
Specificity: 175/189 = 92.6%
NPV: 175/196 = 89.3%
Which phase of the policy cycle involves setting priorities based on timing, budgetary issues, resource restrictions, and the complexity of the issue?
Agenda setting
What are the three main types of indirect transmission?
Vehicle born, airborne, and vector-bone
An epidemic curve may reflect a _________ epidemic which is defined as an outbreak due to exposure of a group of persons that is common to individuals in the group.
Common source epidemic