Memory
What is memory?
learning that persists over time; it is information that has been acquired and stored and can be retrieved.
What are the 4 motivational concepts?
Instinct theory: (now replaced by the evolutionary perspective) focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
Drive-reduction theory: focuses on how we respond to inner pushes and outer pulls.
Arousal theory focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focuses on the priority of some needs over others.
small amounts of food may increase hunger is what
appetizer effect
Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion and Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
James-Lange Theory: Stimulus->Autonomic/physiologic response-> emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory:Stimulus->emotion and Autonomic/physiologic response
Name the 2 slave systems of the working memory
Sketchpad & phonological loop
(visual and spatial reps & sounds and words)
What are the types of long term memory?
Explicit and implicit
What is homestasis and give an example
homeostasis (literally “staying the same”)—the maintenance of a steady internal state.
For example, our body regulates its temperature in a way similar to a room’s thermostat. Both systems operate through feedback loops: Sensors feed room temperature to a control device. If the room’s temperature cools, the control device switches on the furnace.
Name the two peptides that increase hunger
Ghrelin:empty stomach
Orexin: hypothalamus
What does the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) act as?
cts as the “rest & digest” system; Prepares the body to relax and recuperate
Iconic Memory: Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
Echoic Memory: Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Give the sequence of the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?
sensory memory-> short term memory-> long term memory
Enhances survival
Colors thoughts and emotions
Related to health, performance, and self-esteem
Thwarts loneliness and social isolation
Name the 3 peptides that decrease hunger
Insulin: pancreas control blood glucose
Leptin: fat cells-> increase metabolism and decrease hunger
PYY: digestive tract ->full
What emotion is being expressed when the nose is wrinkled, upper lip is raised and the tongue is pushed outward?
disgust
what is proactive interference?
Forward-acting, disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
Old password interferes with remembering new password
Anterograde amnesia:Inability to remember events after the injury, Incapacity to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia:Inability to remember events prior to injury (i.e. some sort of damage to the brain), Can’t remember the past
What is achievement motivation and give an example of what high achievers do.
Desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
Accomplish more; greater financial success; healthier social relationships and emotional well-being
Demonstrate persistence, self-discipline, grit, and intrinsic motivation
How much does blood glucose need to decrease to trigger feeding?
50%
What is Facial feedback effect:
Tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
What is the serial position effect?
The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items
Name the 4 memory hacks
Mnemonics:memory aids; especially using vivid imagery and organizational devices
Hierarchies:Broad concepts divided and sub-divided into narrower concepts and facts
Spacing effect:We retain information better when the encoding is spread out over time
Learn quickly, forget quickly
Testing effect:Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information
What is intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic:the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
Extrinsic:the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
Studies suggested stomach contractions led to “pangs of hunger”, and distension led to satiety
What is the spillover effect?
Arousal from one event spills over in to the next
What are the types of memory distortion?
Misattribution, suggestability, and Bias