UTI and STI
What is the most common sexually transmitted disease?
Chlamydia trachomatis is estimated, but this is unknown to date since many STDs are not reportable, and they are cyclical in occurrence
What is the parasitic infection that represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing nations (Third World Countries)?
Worms, due to their successful body plan, complex life cycle, and adaptability to one or more hosts in their development.
What indicators would lead a health care provider most accurately to diagnose a patient with Infectious Mononucleosis?
Positive results on “mono” spot test
What is Bioterrorism?
Intentional release of biological agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses or their toxins) to cause illness or death to a human population.
What is the problem with antiparasitic drugs?
Antiparasitic drugs carry toxicity issues and have been increasing drug resistance.
High fever is a UTI symptom most closely associated with which of the following?
Pyelonephritis
What is the parasite life cycle in order of appearance?
Egg, 1st larval phase, 2nd larval phase, adult phase
How are patients classified with IC?
An IC patient is usually either neutropenic or immunosuppressed to manage transplants, but they can be both.
What are Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases?
An EID is defined as any pathogen whose incidence has increased within the past 25 yrs. Re-emerging infectious diseases represent pathogens that have become drug-resistant and are thus no longer controllable by public health options.
How could you verify if someone is battling with an autoimmune disorder that is infecting/killing the red blood cells?
You could use Blood Agar
What are the four generic symptoms of UTI's?
a persistent urge, increased frequency, burning sensation, blood [= hematuria] and/or bacteria [= bacteriuria] in urine.
Correctly identify Sporozoans according to their motility
Sporozoans, though capable of gliding movements, are non-motile because they do not have flagella, cilia, or pseudopods.
What depicts precise observations we can make about zoonotic infections?
Zoonotic diseases designate an infection that is passed from animals to humans.
What piece of legislation identifies pharmacists as the first line of defense for public health in the event of a national Bioterror act?
Bioterrorism Act of 2002
How would you differentiate between sterilization and disinfection?
Sterilization kills all viable organisms from an area. disinfection kills most, but not all, organisms from an area.
What are the three categories used to subdivide sexually transmitted diseases?
Those that cause urethritis, those that cause genital ulcers, and those that cause genital warts
How would a health professional successfully diagnose the parasitic infection: intestinal nematode "Trichinella spiralis"?
biopsy, serology, serum muscle enzymes (^ CPK), eosinophilia
Why is the correct treatment of IC patients incredibly important?
Any patient who is incapable of mounting an active immune response might be considered an IC host and exhibit high level types of vulnerability: due to age, other infections, and/or destruction of immunity components- HIV.
What are the ideal characteristic of a bioterror weapon?
Easily/cheaply mass produced
Stores well without degradation or detection
Readily aerosolized
Causes potential panic/disruption of the social fabric
In bacteria, one of the ways that they survive is through a process called "Conjugation." Through this method, bacteria's build resistance, survive, and even evolve. What is conjugation and is it all bad?
Conjugation is a gene-swapping process that occurs between bacterium. The donor bacteria cell connects to a recipient bacteria cell via a pili and with this connection, it transmits DNA, causing the recipient bacteria to evolve. Conjugation is not all bad even though it causes bacteria to grow more resistant or survive our defenses. Conjugation is very important for us in order to study bacterial evolution.
Name five of the seven risk factors associated with UTI: Bladder/Urethra
Aging (after menopause)
Obstruction of the UT (e.g., kidney stones)
Catherization
Gender (greater risk for females due to shorter urethra)
Sexual activity (due to irritation of urethra)
Use of certain types of birth control
Diseases that impair the immune system
Name three of the five characteristics of Malaria to isolate the accurate data on this disease.
Caused by 4 species of Plasmodium
Arthropod vector, and haptic and erythrocytic life history stages
Has a complex life history using the mosquito to infect humans
Symptoms may include headache, fever, pain, chills, dry cough, enlarged spleen, and vomiting.
Is a febrile disease that attacks 500 M people per year and kills over 1 million
Name three of the five appropriate descriptors for CMV.
Herpesviridae family of DNA viruses
sexually transmitted disease, direct contact
latent, recurring infections are common (like fever, sore throat, severe lethargy, and enlarged lymph nodes/spleen)
replicates in the nucleus
other diseases include reactivation, pneumonia, retinitis, esophagitis, and congenital disease
Define Bioterrorism Categories A,B, and C.
Category A=high priority agents; easily disseminated/transmitted w/ high mortality
Category B=2nd highest priority agents; moderately easily disseminated/transmitted w/ high morbidity but low mortality
Category C=3rd highest priority agents; emerging pathogens, easily engineered & disseminated w/ high mortality
Mr. SquarePants, a long-time patient, comes in and complains of a severe stomach ache. He says that after he drank a kelp shake from the new Kelpshake restaurant across from the Krusty Krab, he began to experience vomiting, diarrhea, and occasional headaches. Using a "symptoms approach" which procedure would be most appropriate in Mr. SquarePants' diagnosis?
Based off of the patient's complaints, it appears as though he has contracted some sort of stomach bug. An analysis of the patient's stool culture or rapid test will likely aid in identifying the source of illness.