Chapter 10
What are the four attachment styles Mary Ainsworth documented in the Strange Situation paradigm of infant-caregiver attachment?
Secure
Ambivalent (a.k.a. Anxious-Ambivalent)
Avoidant (a.k.a. Anxious-Avoidant)
Disorganized/Disoriented
Name the 5 components of the Big 5 Model of Personality
O - Openness (Open to new experiences, appreciation of aesthetics, desire to learn)
C - Conscientiousness (Attention to details, abiding by norms/rules, organized)
E - Extraversion (Energized by social interactions, outgoing, associated with pos emotions like joy)
A - Agreeableness (Amiable, interpersonally pleasant)
N - Neuroticism (Vigilance, associated with negative emotionality)
Internalizing vs externalizing behaviors
Externalizing: Hostility, disruptive behavior
Internalizing: Depressed mood, withdrawal, anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder
At least six months of disabling and persistent anxiety or worry.
What did the twenty statements task in Frederickson et al.'s study refer to?
After viewing an emotionally evocative film, participants were asked to fill in 20 blank lines that began with 'I would like to __' . The number of statements participants completed was tallied, with
a possible range from 0 to 20. Higher scores indicate a larger thought-action repertoire.
Explain system 1 and system 2
System 1: automatic, quick, instinctual, involves modes of organization
System 2: informational, enables mental models of events, their possible causes, and their implications for future action.
What components of the Big 5 are most associated with successful life trajectories?
HIGH Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness
LOW Neuroticism
Categorical vs. dimensional approach to psychopathology
Categorical: Using the DSM-5 or ICD to diagnose. Assumes that disorders are discrete, separate, and well-differentiated from normal functioning.
Dimensional: Addressing symptoms and behaviors of the disorder with understanding that there is often overlap between disorders and ranges of expression
What does rumination mean?
Cognitive bias involving brooding on symptoms of distress in a repetitive manner rather than in a problem-solving way. Highly predictive of depression.
The 'commitment problem'
We must put aside self-interested courses of action in the service of our long-term commitment to one another, and we must reliably identify who is committed to us.
What does it mean to say emotions are "locally rational?"
They are rational in relation to certain concerns but are not globally rational because they may exclude other concerns in a situation.
How do negative life events change personality?
Dependent life events (influenced by the individual) predict decrease in C and A
Both independent and dependent life events predict increase in N
What is the hostile attribution bias?
Children become more likely to interpret neutral incidents as intentionally hostile, which predicts aggressive behavior.
What is the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults?
50%
What does the 'Broaden and Build' theory refer to?
Positive emotions have a distinct evolutionary purpose: They allow us to broaden our thought-action repertoires and build social and cognitive resources over time. These resources increase positive affect in turn, leading to an "upward spiral"
What is the Ultimatum Game?
Proposer offers to share a sum of money in a certain proportion. Responder decides to accept or reject the offer.
When proposers offer to share the money equally, it is seen as fair and is accepted.
When shares of money are offered unfairly, responders reject them. This is labelled irrational and reason behind it is thought to be emotional.
What is the social relations model?
Studies person perception and emotions within overlapping social contexts. Isolate the effects of MY emotions, my TARGET's emotions, the RELATIONSHIP, and other variables.
Has people rate and get rated by others.
In a large study, it was found that certain individuals did evoke negativity from everyone. Some people are thus emotionally challenging for those with whom they interact.
What is the p-factor?
An overarching factor that confers vulnerability to many aspects of psychopathology.
Suggested that emotion dysregulation and negative affectivity are at the root of this factor.
What are polygenic effects?
Influences of groups of genes on emotional disorders.
What are some social functions of embarrassment?
- Moral commitment, concern over performance and institutions
- Warns us of immoral acts and prevents us from making mistakes that unsettle social harmony
- Provokes forgiveness and reconciliation
What is the affect infusion model?
Emotions or extended moods infuse into a cognitive task to influence judgment, particularly if the task is complex.
Example: Negative affect can lead people to pay more attention to details in a demanding task
Describe the Strange Situation paradigm
A caregiver, infant, and stranger are in a room. The mother leaves the room, and later returns.
In this situation, infants respond to their caregiver's abandonment and return in different ways, which are termed attachment styles.
What is parent-management training?
Maladaptive parent-child interactions can worsen externalizing behaviors in children.
Parents are taught to use more effective parenting practices aimed at consistently identifying, monitoring and and punishing problem behaviors and reinforcing prosocial behaviors.
What is the kindling hypothesis?
A mechanism by which people become progressively more vulnerable to depression. Emotional patterns become established as mental habits, so that depression is made more likely by less severe events. Is likely that a single episode of depression has the strongest influence on this process.
Give a short summary of Chapin et al.'s study on chronic pain
Pilot study of chronic pain patients. Compassion cultivation training (CCT) hypothesized to decrease anger and decrease pain.
DV: CCT
IVs: Self-and-other-reports of anger, pain, pain interference, pain acceptance
Results: Mostly non-significant (due to small sample) but in the expected direction