Enzymes
What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics
1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transfered
2. Energy transfer and transformation increases the entropy of the universe
What are autotrophs
Organisims that can produce organic material from atmosphereic CO2 & inorganic molecules
1. Glycolsysis
2. Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
3. Oxidative phosphorylation / Electron transport chain
What are the three stages of cell signaling
1. Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response
What is the difference between NAD+ and NADPH + H+
NAD+ is an electron carrier that doesn't have/is seeking electrons
NADPH + H+ is an electron carrier that is holding electrons/wants to give them away
What is activation energy? How do enzymes effect it?
The energy required to initiate a reaction. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reactio
What is a granum?
The collection of stacked disks (thylakoids) within the chloroplast
How much ATP is produced by the end of the cellular respiration per glucose molecule?
36-38 ATP molecules
What are ligands
The messenger molecules that bind to receptors to initiate a cellular response
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Give examples
Aerobic respiration = Sugar is oxidized in the presence of oxygen
Ex:
Anaerobic respiration = Sugar is partially oxidized with no oxygen present
Ex: Lactic Acid Fermentation, Alcohol Fermentation
What external factors affect the capacity of an enzyme
pH and temperature
O2
ATP
NADPH
H+
What bi-product is produced as pyruvate enters the mitochondria?
CO2
Where can receptor proteins be found?
Plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, cytosol
What is the chemical composition of ATP
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
(a nitrogenous base with three phosphate groups attached to it)
What is allosteric regulation
When a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein's structure at another site.
What are the three light absorbing pigments within chloroplast?
1. Chlorophyl a
2. Chlorophy b
3. Carotene
What is the formula for cellular respiration? What molecules are oxidized and reduced?
C6H12O6 + O2 ----> H2O + CO2 + Energy
Glucose is oxidized
Diatomic oxygen is reduced
What are examples of hydrophobic ligands
steroids hormones or thyroid hormones (lipids)
What is the difference between kinase and phosphatase
Phosphatase cleaves phosphate groups from ATP, and kinase attaches phosphate to a protein.
How does a cell prevent chemical chaos?
1. Switching genes encoding certain enzymes on or off
2. Regulating enzyme activity
What molecule gives the calvin cycle its cyclical nature?
RuBP
What is oxalacetate, and what is its significance within the Krebs CYCLE?
The renewable carbon structure that bonds with acetyl CoA at the start of the Krebs cycle to form citrate. It eventually decomposes back to oxalacetate to start the cycle again
What are transcription factors
hormone-receptor complexes that can regulate gene expression
What is meant by "chemiosmosis"
Give an example
The use of a chemical gradient to drive cellular work
ex: Proton gradient in oxidative phosphorylation that drives the flow of protons into ATP synthase, creating the majority of ATP in cellular respiration.