Metabolism
The energy we make through cellular respiration is used for what?
communication between cells and within a cell, growth, protein synthesis, and muscle contractions
where does each phase of cellular respiration occur? Do they require oxygen?
1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm - anaerobic
2. Krebs cycle - mitochondrial matrix - aerobic
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation - inner membrane - aerobic
T/F chemoautotrophs do photosynthesis
false. only photoautotrophs photosynthesize (cyanobacteria, most plants, kelp, etc)
This photosystem is first to capture light energy, exciting electrons that travel down an electron transport chain to replace those lost in the other photosystem
photosystem II
what are two things that occur if the stomata closes up
O2 builds up within the plant and CO2 levels drop
what are the three methods of regulation of metabolic pathways?
gene regulation, cell signaling regulation, biochemical regulation
what are the products of the energy investment phase and the payoff phase
1. Glucose is broken down by ATP into G3P
2. G3P is then converted through NAD, ADP, and releasing water into pyruvate
explain the structure of a plant in relation to photosynthesis
mesophilic cells contain chloroplast > contain thylakoids > contain chlorophyll
The movement of hydrogen ions through this enzyme embedded in the thylakoid membrane drives the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP.
ATP synthase
photorespiration __________ photosynthetic rate
decreases
______ pathways break down cellular components; therefor it is ______
catabolic, exergonic
How does glycolysis end with product of pyruvate but then the krebs cycle start with acetyl CoA
pyruvate oxidation (intermediate stage) - CO2 and a hydrogen is taken and coenzyme A is added as it enters mitochondria
energy of light increase as __________ increase
wavelength
The light-dependent reactions replace electrons lost by Photosystem II through this, which also produces oxygen as a by-product.
water
Why are C4 plants different then regular
adapted to dry hot environments; C4 releases CO 2 in the bundle sheath to maintain the Calvin Cycle
biosynthetic reactions are a type of what reaction? Explain
anabolic, it makes large macromolecules from small ones which require energy
why does the citric acid cycle cycle two times for only one glucose molecules
because glycolysis breaks that glucose molecule into two pyruvate and the cycle happens per pyruvate
carotenoids absorb _____ light so they reflect __________
blue/green; red/yellow/orange
This five-carbon molecule binds with carbon dioxide in the first step of the Calvin cycle, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCO
RuBP
what plants has C4 stores CO2 at night and releases during the day for photosynthesis
CAM
if NAD takes an electron from an organic molecule, that molecule has been
oxidized (the molecule itself lost an electron)
what is the big reason for the huge amount of ATP generated in the oxidative phosphorylation phase
In the ETC, NADH and FADH donate their high energy electrons which are used to pump H across membrane creating an electrochemical gradient, as the H come back through ATP synthase, the enzyme phosphorylates ADP
what part of the leaf is essential to gas exchange
stomata
During the Calvin cycle, molecules of this three-carbon compound are produced, some of which leave the cycle to form glucose, while others regenerate RuBP.
G3P
what is the chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of
pushing H+ across a membrane
chemiosmosis