Cell and Tissue Architecture
Insoluble meshwork made of proteins and polysaccharides that provides structural support and aids in cell adhesion and communication as well
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Long-distance signaling
What is endocrine signaling?
These pieces are formed by the lagging strand during DNA Replication
Okazaki fragments
The product of mitosis
What are two identical daughter cells?
This mutation results in no difference or change in the amino acid
What is a silent or synonymous mutation?
Thin specialized flexible layer connected to bottom layer of keratinocytes of all epithelial tissues and supports epithelial cells
What is the basal lamina?
(aka basement membrane)
What is a receptor protein?
This enzyme "unzips" the DNA strand
What is helicase?
Prokaryotes use this method of cell division
What is binary fission?
This mutation results in a premature stop codon
What is a nonsense mutation?
Superficial layer of skin that is a water-resistant and protective barrier formed by multiple layers of cells
What is the epidermis?
Molecule that carries information from one cell to the next
What is the signaling molecule/ligand?
This enzyme comes before the replication fork to relieve stress and prepare the DNA for unwinding
What is topoisomerase?
Each phase of interphase and its function
What are G1 - growth, S - DNA synthesis, G2 - prep for mitosis (more growth)?
Insertion and deletion are two types of this mutation
What is a frameshift mutation?
Type of tissue that includes one or more layers of cells that make up lining of organs and body cavities - has a high turnover rate
What is epithelial tissue?
Enzyme that removes phosphate groups from activated proteins to make them inactive
What is phosphatase?
DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to this end in the ___ direction
Spindle fibers are made of these and attach to ___
What are microtubules and kinetochores?
Any genetic difference among individuals in the population
Main cell found in the dermis
What is a fibroblast?
Polar signaling molecules cannot cross the cell membrane and instead bind to these cell surface receptors
What are transmembrane proteins?
The ends of linear chromosomes - a repeated sequence at each end that helps with recognition
What are telomeres?
Defined as two copies of a chromosome produced by DNA replication
These mutations occur in nonreproductive cells
BONUS: What type occurs in reproductive cells?
What are somatic mutations?
BONUS: Germ-line mutations