PTSD
How long must symptoms of PSTD last for
What is 1 or more months
Define Obsession
what is recurrent intrusive thought, impulse, or image that causes anxiety and cannot be dismissed from one's mind
What are the SSRI/SNRI for depression
SSRI: Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Celexa, Lexapro
SNRI: Effexor, Pristiq, Cymbalta
Types of Bipolar
Bipolar 1: mania (without depression history)
Bipolar 2: hypomania (with depression history)
"type 3 Bipolar": mania induced by drugs)
Diagnosis for ADHD only requires sever inattention or hyperactivity. What are som symptoms?
Often fidgets or taps hands or feel/ squirms in seat
Often leaves seat in situations when remaingin seated is expected
Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes
has trouble holding attention of playing with others
has trouble organizing tasks
easily distracted
Shattering of _______, is persistent feeling of being unsafe
What is schemas
Define compulsion
repetitive action (ritual) person feels compelled to do
What are some of Ilardi's environmental mutation models
Light therapy, aerobic exercise, OMEGA-3, etc.
What is the difference between hypomania and mixed episode
Hypomania: symptoms or mania, but less sever, and no functional impairment
Mixed Episode: symptoms of both mania and depression simultaneously
What is happening to the signal in the prefrontal attention circuits with ADHD
There is low reward happening in the attention circuits during "boring" goal-directed activities
Explain the Biological Factors of PTSD
2 stress hormones affected: cortisol and norepinephrine
Cortisol: interferes with memory consolidation
Norepinephrine: promotes new memory formation
So in PTSD, when trauma happens there is abnormally low cortisol (no suppression of traumatic memory); thus there is high NE which leads to memory imprint of trauma
What is the risk factors (heritability, head trauma, strep)
strep can cause intrusive thoughts or OCD in children
- molecular mimicry: streo makes us believe our intrusive thoughts are natural
heritability: 40-50%
Those who have injuries have the possibility of getting OCD
Name 5-7 Symptoms of MDD
depressed mood
loss of interest in pleasurable activities
Change in sleep (insomnia/hyperinsomnia)
change in weight
loss of energy
excessive guilt or worthlessness
psychomotor retardation
concentration difficulty
thoughts of suicide or death
Name 5 Major symptoms of mania
Grandiosity/inflated self-esteem
Decreased need for sleep (0-4 hours)
pressured speech/too talkative
racing thoughts/flight of ideas
Increase in goal directed activities
increase of pleasurable activities with potentially painful consequences
Treatments for ADHD
Stimulants: Ritalin, adderall, Vyvanse
NonStimulantsL Strattera, Qelbree, Wellbutrin
Cognitive Bahveior therapy
What is c-PTSD and is it in the DSM-5
Complex PTSD (result of repeated early trauma)
No not in the DSM-5 yet, but added to the ICD-11
Treatments with exposure and ritual prevention VS antidepressants vs Placebo
ERP: 65% response
Antidepressants: 40-50%
Placebo: 10% response
Depression Subtypes and what they are
Melancholic: mood variation, motor retardation
Psychotic: delusions or hallucinations (only during depressive episode)
Seasonal onset: winter depression
Inflammatory: an inflamed brain is a depressed brain
Heterogeneous
What is the suicide risk of Bipolar
3 times as likely as someone with MDD
1/8 of people with bipolar will end up taking their own life
Omega 3
exercise
Light Therapy
Restricted Diet
Meditation
Definition of Trauma
(What could the person be exposed to and how can they be exposed)
Person could be exposed to:
death, threatened death, actual or threatened injury, actual or threatened sexual violence
A person could be Exposed by:
Direct exposure (witnessing/in person)
Indirectly (through someone telling you they were exposed to trauma)
Repeated or extreme indirect exposure to aversive deatils of events, like first responders
Describe the CSTS
Cortex: generates thoughts or impulses
Striatum: helps filter and afte which thoughts or action should move forward (in OCD the 'filter' is too loose)
Thalamus: acts like a relay station that sends signals back to the cortex
(if the loop doesn't shut off, the same thought Keeps returning)
Cortex: receives the signal back and the loop restarts
Costs of Depression (name a few)
leading cause of diability up to age 50
increased lifetime risk of heart disease, dementia, and some cancers (inflammatory)
Neurotoxicity (damages parts of brain)
Increased marital/realshipship divorce/separation
Nearly 50,000 suicide deaths per year
What is Rapid Cycling and Ultra Rapud cycling
rapid cycling: when a person with bipolar experiences at least 4 mood episodes (manic, hypomanic, or depressive) within 12 month-period
Ultra-rapid cycling: an even faster form with major mood shifts occurring multiple times in a single month or even within days
What is hyperfocus in individuals with ADHD
hyperfocus is a state of intense and prolonged concentration that can occur in individuals with ADHD