Mendelian Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
DNA Structure & Replication
Central Dogma
Micro
evolution
evolution
100
This scientist is known as the “father of genetics” for his pea plant experiments.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
100
Why do some traits show non-Mendelian inheritance?
Not all traits follow Mendel’s simple dominant/recessive patterns because inheritance is much more complicated than Mendel's 4 hypotheses.
100
DNA has this famous 3D shape.
What is the double helix?
100
What is transcription and where does it occur?
What is this process copies DNA into RNA; it occurs in the nucleus.
100
This naturalist is famous for developing the theory of evolution by natural selection after studying finches in the Galápagos Islands.
Who is Charles Darwin?
200
This ratio (phenotypic) is expected in the offspring of a heterozygous monohybrid cross.
What is a 3:1 ratio?
200
In snapdragons, crossing a red flower (RR) with a white flower (rr) produces all pink flowers (Rr). This is an example of inheritance where the heterozygote shows a blend of traits.
What is incomplete dominance?
200
In DNA, adenine (A) always pairs with this base, and cytosine (C) always pairs with this base.
What are thymine (T) and guanine (G)?
200
What is translation and where does it occur?
What is this process occurs at the ribosome, translating mRNA into a chain of amino acids (protein).
200
This economist influenced Darwin by suggesting that populations tend to grow faster than resources, leading to competition and “struggle for existence.”
Who is Thomas Malthus?
300
These two Mendelian principles explain how alleles separate during gamete formation and how different genes are inherited independently.
What are the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment?
300
What type of inheritance is demonstrated below?
What is codominance?
300
What are the 3 components of a DNA molecule?
A sugar-phosphate backbone: (deoxyribose sugar & a phosphate group) and a nitrogenous base (nucleotide).
300
This is a sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during translation.
What is a codon?
300
What is microevolution?
What are changes in allele frequencies within a population over time.
400
Mendel’s hypotheses include: traits are controlled by discrete factors, organisms inherit one factor from each parent, and factors segregate independently during gamete formation. Identify the missing hypothesis.
What is some alleles are dominant and others are recessive?
400
Define pleiotropy and give one relevant example.
What is "when a single gene influences multiple phenotypes; sickle cell disease"
400
During DNA replication, this enzyme unwinds the double helix, and this enzyme adds new nucleotides to build the complementary strand.
What are helicase and DNA polymerase?
400
Describe the function of the 3 types of RNA.
mRNA carries the instructions from DNA to the ribosome to make a protein
rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome and helps catalyze peptide bond formation during protein synthesis
tRNA bring specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation, matching their anticodon to codons on the mRNA.
400
What is relative fitness?
This term describes how successful an individual is at surviving and reproducing compared to other members of the population.
500
In pea plants studied by Gregor Mendel, yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green (y), and round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled (r). Two plants that are both yellow and round produce some offspring that are green and wrinkled. Determine the genotypes of the parents, perform the cross, and state the phenotypic ratio of the offspring.
What are YyRr × YyRr, and a 9:3:3:1 ratio?
500
Which type of Inheritance is represented by the cross below?
What is polygenic inheritance?
500
What is semi-conservative replication?
DNA replication is semi-conservative. This means that each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand, ensuring accurate copying of genetic information.
500
A gene has the DNA sequence
TACGGATTTATT
- Transcribe it into mRNA
- Translate it into the amino acid sequence using the genetic code
mRNA: AUG CCU AAA UAA and Amino acids: Met–Pro–Lys-Stop?
500
This equation, p² + 2pq + q² = 1, is used to calculate allele and genotype frequencies in a population that is not evolving.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?