Energy & ATP
This process links electron transport to ATP production in mitochondria and If electrons stop moving through the electron transport chain, what happens immediately to proton pumping?
What is chemiosmotic coupling and What is proton pumping stops?
This type of signaling uses hormones that travel long distances and what are mitogens?
What is endocrine signaling and whats is extracellular signals that stimulate cell division?
This mitochondrial region has the highest concentration of protons and These ions are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
What is the intermembrane space and what are protons (H⁺)?
This phase is when DNA is replicated and this is when the cytoplasm is divided?
What is S phase and cytokinesis?
These proteins hold sister chromatids together and What is the name for programmed cell death.
What are cohesins and apoptosis?
ATP synthase uses the movement of this ion down its gradient and During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is formed by adding this molecule to ADP.
What is a proton (H⁺) and phosphate (Pi)?
This type of signaling requires direct contact between cells and This class of receptor directly changes membrane permeability when activated
What is contact-dependent signaling and What are ion-channel-coupled receptors?
ATP is produced in this part of the mitochondrion and This mobile carrier is NOT a proton pump.
What is the matrix and What is cytochrome c?
This checkpoint ensures DNA is fully replicated before division.
What is G2 checkpoint?
This structure organizes microtubules in animal cells and This protein can stop the cell cycle when DNA is damaged.
What is the centrosome and p53?
If ATP synthase is blocked, this will build up in the intermembrane space and Approximately this many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule in eukaryotes.
What are protons (H⁺) and ~30 ATP?
These receptors have 7 transmembrane domains and what do they activate?
What are GPCRs and G-Proteins?
The electron transport chain is located in this membrane.
What is the inner mitochondrial membrane?
These proteins control progression through the cell cycle and what do condensins do?
What are Cdks (cyclin-dependent kinases) and what is assemble into complexes on the DNA when phosphorylated by M-Cdk?
This complex triggers progression through anaphase AND These enzymes execute apoptosis by breaking down proteins.
What is APC (anaphase-promoting complex) and caspases?
This is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and When NADH donates electrons, it becomes this molecule.
What is oxygen and NAD⁺?
When a GPCR is activated, this molecule replaces GDP on the alpha subunit and The local mediator nitric oxide (NO) stimulates the intracellular enzyme guanylyl cyclase by
What is GTP and what is diffusing into cells and stimulating the cyclase directly.
These folds increase surface area for ATP production and If oxygen is removed, which process will eventually stop.
What are cristae and What is the electron transport chain (or ATP production)?
Which of the following events does NOT usually occur during interphase: cells grow, nuclear envelope breaks down or chromosomes are duplicated?
The nuclear envelope breaks down and what is the nuclear envelope breakdown.
Failure to phosphorylate lamins prevents this mitotic event.
What is nuclear envelope breakdown?
This molecule produces more ATP because it enters the ETC earlier and a if the mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to protons, what happens to ATP production?
What is NADH and What is ATP production decreases (or stops)?
This small molecule often acts as a second messenger in GPCR pathways and All members of the nuclear receptor family interact with?
What is cAMP and what is signaling molecules that diffuse through the plasma membrane?
These are the two main fuels mitochondria can directly use.
What are pyruvate and fatty acids?
This is why the same signaling molecule can produce different effects in different cell types.
What is different receptors (or different proteins/pathways inside the cell)?
Release of this mitochondrial protein triggers apoptosis and Cells that avoid apoptosis can contribute to this disease.
What is cytochrome c and cancer??