Photosynthesis
What general term describes organisms that photosynthesize?
Autotrophs (producers)
Which process makes genetically identical cells, and which makes gametes?
Mitosis makes identical cells. Meiosis makes gametes.
What is chromatin?
Uncondensed DNA and proteins
What is a carrier?
Someone with one recessive allele who doesn’t show the trait
What gametes can an Rr individual make?
R and r
Which cells open and close the stomata?
Guard cells
What’s the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?
Sister chromatids are identical copies. Homologous chromosomes are a matched pair, one from each parent.
How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells?
Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, plant cells form a cell plate.
What’s the difference between a gene and an allele?
A gene codes for a trait. An allele is one version of a gene.
What gametes can a YyRr individual make?
YR, Yr, yR and yr
Which colors does chlorophyll a absorb, and which color does it reflect?
It absorbs blue-violet and red, and reflects green.
What does a chromosome look like in G1 compared to G2, and which phase causes the change?
One chromatid in G1, two in G2, because of S phase
Is the cell haploid or diploid before meiosis, after meiosis I and after meiosis II?
Diploid, haploid, haploid
In incomplete dominance, what does the heterozygote look like?
A blend of the two parents
For Rr x Rr, what is the phenotypic ratio?
3:1
Which two high-energy molecules go from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
What is crossing over?
Homologous chromosomes swap segments
What’s the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?
A proto-oncogene is normal. An oncogene is its mutated version.
In codominance, what does the heterozygote look like? Give an example.
Both alleles show fully
What is a test cross, and when would you use one?
Crossing with a homozygous recessive to find an unknown genotype
How many CO2 molecules does it take to make one glucose?
6
In which phase of meiosis does independent assortment happen?
Metaphase I
How are cancer cells different from healthy cells?
They ignore checkpoints and divide out of control
Which genotypes give type AB blood and type O blood?
AB is IA IB
O is ii
For YyRr x YyRr, what is the phenotypic ratio?
9:3:3:1