Metabolism & Enzymes
Metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
What are the four bases found in DNA?
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
Describe the three main types of RNA?
mRNA(set of instructions to build protein), tRNA(to connect mRNA sequence to amino acid sequence), rRNA(ribosomal RNA)
Catabolism?
What type of reaction breaks down molecules and releases energy
What molecule is broken down during glycolysis?
Glucose
What enzyme produces ATP using the flow of hydrogen ions?
ATP synthase
What base replaces thymine in RNA?
Uracil
What is the process of making RNA from DNA called?
Transcription
Anabolism?
builds molecules and requires energy
What are the net products of glycolysis per glucose?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
What happens to NADH when it loses electrons?
It becomes NAD⁺
What enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix?
Helicase
What is the process of making a protein from mRNA called?
Translation
What do enzymes do to activation energy?
They lower it.
What molecule is formed when pyruvate combines with coenzyme A?
Acetyl-CoA
What is the buildup of hydrogen ions across a membrane called?
L Proton gradient
What are the short DNA pieces made on the lagging strand called?
Okazaki fragments
What mutation changes an amino acid into a different amino acid?
Missense mutation
What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition?
Competitive binds to the active site; noncompetitive binds somewhere else.
What are the products of one turn of the Krebs cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP, and 2 CO₂
What is the purpose of fermentation?
To regenerate NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue.
What are the three main enzymes involved in DNA replication and their jobs?
Primase makes primers, DNA polymerase III builds DNA, DNA polymerase I replaces primers, and ligase connects fragments.
What are the three types of bacterial DNA transfer?
Transformation, transduction, and conjugation