Exam 3

Fishes

100

What kind of fish lacks jaws and has super slimy skin? 

Hagfish

200

From what pre-existing structures did shark teeth evolve?

Dermal denticles/placoid scales

300

Name three key evolutionary developments that occurred during fish evolution which were key in allowing vertebrates to transition to life on land

-four limbs, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs, lobe-like fins... 

400

Fish is an incredibly diverse group of vertebrates. Name a feature that ALL fish have in common that ISN'T one of the 4 key chordate traits. 

Aquatic lifestyle, Gills... 

500

Name three different ways that lamprey may obtain food (depending on species and whether they are juvenile or adult)

Predation

Parasitism

Filter-feeding (juveniles)

Amphibians/reptiles

100

Name the three major groups of amphibians

frogs/toads - most diverse, 90% of all amphib species

salamander/newts - most similar to "ancestral" amphibians

caecilians - limbless like snakes, live in burrows

200

How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?  A lizard heart?  A crocodile heart? 

amphib - 3

lizard - 3 with partial septum

croc - 4

300

Why did early snakes lose their 4 limbs over evolutionary time? 

They were burrows, easier to crawl through burrows without limbs getting in the way  (the same is true for caecilians... convergent evolution)

400

Name 3 differences between amphibians and reptiles 

- reptiles have amniotic egg, amphibs don't

- reptiles have claws, amphibs don't

-reptiles have scales, amphibs don't

-reptiles have heart with partial (or full) septum, amphibs don't

-reptiles have diapsid skull (except turtles), amphibians have anapsid skull 

500

Name two "fish-like" characteristics, and two "amphibian-like" characteristics that the fossil Tiktaalik had 

fish-like - scales, gills, fins

amphib-like - eyes on top of head, has a neck, other skeletal similarities 

birds

100

Name three functions of feathers (for birds, not for people)

flight

insulation

protection

camouflage

communication

200

To which other group of still living reptiles are birds most closely related?

crocodilians

300

Many birds exhibit parental care - what are the 4 major types of parental care?  Know the definition of each one and how they differ from one another

Monoparental 

Biparental

Alloparental

Parasitic parenting 

400

Name three adaptations (other than wings) that allow birds to fly

-hollow bones, large sternum for wing muscle attachment, toothless beak, 4 chambered heart, efficient multi-chambered lungs, compact excretory/digestive system ... 

500

Name two traits that make birds unique from other groups of reptiles 

feathers, backwards 4th toe (for perching, wings, toothless beak... 

mammals

100

name 3 traits that are unique to mammals, and that ALL mammals have

fur/hair, lactation, 3 ear bones

200

Why is milk production beneficial for mammals?

complete nutrition for young, consistent source of food (not as dependent on foraging/hunting)

300

What are the three major groups of mammals and what are the differences among them? 

Monotremes - lay eggs, lack nipples

Marsupials - simple placenta, very underdeveloped young that remain in pouch for a few months after birth, have nipples in pouch

Eutherians - complex placenta, give birth to relatively well-developed young

400

Describe why a 4 chambered heart is more efficient than a 3 chambered heart

prevents deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from mixing

500

What does endothermy mean and how is it beneficial to mammals?

Internal regulation of body temperature - allows animals to exist/be active in a variety of temperatures.. can hunt/forage even in cooler temperatures and can live in higher latitudes

ecology

100

What is the definition of a population?

A group of interacting individuals from a single species, which is geographically isolated from other groups.

200

Name or describe an INDIRECT interaction

Competition between two species, or when the decline of one species (e.g. a plant) indirectly impacts the population of secondary consumers because the primary consumers have nothing to eat.. any interaction between species that are not DIRECTLY connected in a food web

300

What is a FACULTATIVE MUTUALISM? (definition)

When two species interact in a way in which both receive a benefit, but they do not DEPEND on one another for survival or reproduction (i.e. they can exist without one another)

400

Which level in a food web has the LOWEST biomass? 

Producers (Plants)

500

Name the three levels of biodiversity

1. species  2. genetic  3. ecosystem