Cardiovascular
1. What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?
2. What are the functions of blood?
1. Systemic:blood flows through the heart & body (tissues)
Pulmonary: exchange of blood between the heart & lungs (reoxygenation)
2. ● Transportation of nutrients or signals
● Regulation of homeostasis
● Protection through WBC, immune response
Where does blood come from? What specific places?
Red bone marrow
Skulls, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, pelvis, heads of femur
Describe the tonsils and the thymus.
1. Tonsils: Prevent the spread of infection into the respiratory and digestive system; Lacks a capsule; Contain mature lymphocytes that fight infection; Non-essential organ
2.Thymus: Largest at birth and decreases with age; Helps kickstart the adaptive immune system; Helps produce T Cells
What are the two types of respiration?
Pulmonary respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between pulmonary circulation and air
Cellular respiration: exchange of 02/co2 between a cell and its environment
What parts are apart of the Upper respiratory tract? Lower?
Upper: Nostrils, Pharynx, larynx,
Lower: Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
1. What is the mediastinum?
2. What is systole? Diastole?
2. Systole: contraction
Diastole: relaxation
What are the functions of blood?
● Transportation and distribution of:
○ Nutrients
○ O2/CO2
○ Waste
○ Hormones(chemicalmessenger)
● Assists in maintaining body temp and pH
● Immune defense
● Prevention of excessive blood loss
What is the difference between plasma and lymph?
Plasma is the fluid component of blood, while lymph begins as plasma.
Once plasma and excess fluid from the circulatory system enters the lymphatic system, it is considered lymph.
Once lymph leaves the lymphatic system and reenters the circulatory system it is considered plasma
Describe the composition of air found in the pulmonary system. (No numbers needed)
Outside air has the most oxygen.
All have the same amount of Nitrogen.
Alveolar air has the most CO2
Describe the different layers of the trachea.
Mucosa: pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells
Submucosa: Loos CT and seromucous glands for moisture
Hyaline cartilage: cartilaginous incomplete rings that allow for flexibility
1. Valves are active or passive?
2. What valves are atrioventricular?
1. Passive
2. Mitral and Tricuspid
Discuss the process of development of a blood clot and breakdown.
A blood vessel is severed causing blood and blood components to leak out. The smooth muscle in the vessel wall contracts near injury to slow blood loss. Platelets are activated by chemicals release by injury site. Platelets move towards the chemicals being released and line the damage and start coagulation cascade. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin to form a blood clot. Platelets get sticky and clot together. Fibrin becomes woven into a net like structure that surround the newly formed clot. Fibrinolysis dissolves the clot after the vessel has healed.
What is lymph? How does it function as both part of the immune and cardiovascular system?
Lymph is transparent fluid that contains primarily lymphocytes and is carried by the lymphatic system. It functions are both because it carries lymphocytes that contribute to immunity but once it enters the cardiovascular system, it is considered plasma that is made of water and nutrients
1. As air flows in, the diaphragm ?
2. As air flows out, the diaphragm ?
3. As Alveoli pressure decreases ?
4. As Alveoli pressure increases ?
1. Flattens
2. Domes up
3. Air rushes in
4. Air rushes out
What are the cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid:
- in humans, it composes the Adam’s apple
- Provides protection and support of vocal cords
Epiglottis:
- Elastic cartilage
- Prevents food or water from going to the lungs
Cricoid:
- a ring of cartilage attached to the top of the trachea
- Where a secondary airway can be established
Pair of Arytenoid cartilages:
- It sits on top of the cricoid
- where true vocal cords attach)
Describe the cardiac cycle in term of AV valves and SL valves.
During complete relaxation (Diastole), AV vales are open until Atrial systole, to which AV valves are shut for the remainder of the cardiac cycle.
Semilunar valves are closed until ventricular contraction and are open momentarily during ventricular ejection then are closed during ventricular relaxation
Detail the life of a red blood cell from hematopoiesis to lysis and removal.
Kidneys detect the reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood and they respond by secreting erythropoietin into the bloodstream. Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis in the red bone marrow. This creates red blood cells and releases them into the bloodstream until O2 carrying capacity increases. Once the red blood cell reaches the end of its life in the blood, it goes through hemolysis. As red blood cells age they begin to work less efficiently thus as blood is filtered, leukocytes will break down these red blood cells.
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate Immunity:
-Born with the immunity (Genetic)
- Passed from mother during the gestation period
- 1st line of defense against any antigen
- Defends using Phagocytosis (eat it) or Cytotoxic (injecting it with something to kill it)
- Quick response to antigen entering the body
- Not specific and does not have any knowledge about antigens
Adaptive Immunity:
- Develops over your lifetime
- Cells learn how to fight certain antigens most effectively
- They learn by being exposed to them in the past (Learn antigens weaknesses)
- Slower to be activated and respond but they are more effective at killing them
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Dissociates into a bicarbonate ion
Dissolved in plasma
In combination with globin to form carbaminohemoglobin
Explain the structure of the Bronchi tree.
Trachea
Lungs
Primary Bronchi: supplies air to each lung
Secondary Bronchi: Supplies air to each lobe of the lungs
Tertiary Bronchi: Supplies air to each bronchopulmonary segment (make sure all tissue has delivery of air)
Bronchioles: smallest airways in the lungs
Terminal Bronchioles: connects to alveoli
Alveoli
Describe how the heart beats.
Deoxygenated blood flows into the Right Atrium through the Superior or Inferior Vena Cava. The Sinoatrial Node receives an electrical impulse. This causes the R Atrium to contract and push blood through the Tricuspid Valve into the Right Ventricle. The Atrioventricular Node receives the electrical impulse from the SA Node, splits it, and sends part of it to the Purjinke Fibers & Bundle of HIS. These cause the R Ventricle to contract and push blood up through the Pulmonary Valve. The blood exits the heart via the Pulmonary Artery to go to the lungs to get oxygenated. Oxygenated blood comes back to the heart via the Pulmonary Veins, and enters the Left Atrium. Another electrical impulse arrives at the SA Node. This causes the L Atrium to contract and push blood through the Bicuspid Valve into the Left Ventricle. The Atrioventricular Node receives the electrical impulse from the SA Node, splits it, and sends part of it to the Purjinke Fibers & Bundle of HIS. This causes the L Ventricle to contract and push blood up through the Aortic Valve. Blood exits the heart through the Aorta and goes to the rest of the body.
List all of the cells that can be found in blood/lymph.
1. RBC: Oxygenate tissues & carry CO2 away from tissues; Created in RBM; Innate immune function
2. Platelet: Contain clotting factors; Originates in the bone marrow; Both immune functions
3. Monocyte: Matures to macrophages that regulates inflammation; Originates in bone marrow; Innate immune function
4. Neutrophil: Phagocytic function; Highest % during immune response; Innate immune cells; Originate in bone marrow
5. Eosinophil: Regulation of allergic & tissue response, Phagocytic nature; Originate in the bone marrow; Innate immune function
6. Basophil: Allergy response; Contain anti-clotting agents; Innate immune function; Originate in bone marrow
7. B Cell: Produce specific antibodies; Originate in the bone marrow; Adaptive immune function; Circulate ONLY the lymph system
8. Killer T Cell: Attach to antigens and destroy them; Adaptive immune function; Originate in the bone marrow; Circulate the peripheral blood circulation
9. Helper T Cell: Secrete cytokines to activate macrophages; Adaptive immune function; Circulate the peripheral blood circulation; Originate in bone marrow
10. Suppressor T Cell: Regulate the production of other 2 T Cells; Adaptive immune function; Develop in the Thymus.
11. NK Cell: Identify and kill tumors and other infected cells; Adaptive immune function; Originate in the bone marrow and some other sites such as lymph nodes, thymus, or spleen.
Describe an immune response.
The first line of defense is the arrival of non-phagocytic leukocytes at the infection site. These release histamine which increases blood flow and makes the area swollen and hot. Then Phagocytic macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria . Then Antigens from the pathogen protrude from the cell wall of macrophage. Then T cells bind to antigens on the surface of macrophage to trigger the release of chemical messengers. This causes T cells to multiply. Antibodies on B cells bind to antigens contributing to destroying pathogens. B and T cells unite which causes the B cells to divide and produce plasma cells and memory cells. Antibodies and memory B cells remain in the blood stream to fight new infection of the same pathogen.
List and describe the 6 types of breathing patterns.
1. Eupnea: normal breathing
2. Apnea: temporary cessation of breathing
3. Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing
4. Tachypnea: rapid breathing
5. Coastal Breathing: Just rib activity involved
6. Diaphragmatic Breathing: Descent of diaphragm causes stomach to bulge during inspiration
Describe they types of epithelium found in the pulmonary system as you go deep into the body.
Epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to non-ciliated simple cuboidal as you pass deeper into the lungs. This decrease in thickness leads to ease of transfer of molecules & transfer of air. Additionally are you go down the bronchial tree, incomplete rings of cartilage gets replaces by rings of smooth muscle and connective tissue.