Evolution and Natural Selection
Give the specific definition of evolution.
Change over time with the accumulation of genetic changes within populations
What is the hierarchy of organization in organisms?
Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism
What is the thickest and strongest fiber with a tensile strength of steel?
Collagen
What molecule is used for energy in the body?
ATP
What is the goal of all circulatory systems?
Internal transport of nutrients
What is homoplasy? Give an example.
Traits having a similar appearance but not due to shared ancestry.
Ex:Red Panda and Giant Panda
Based on the phylogenetic tree, what are some species that are sister taxa?
B + C
E + F
G + H
What type of scales need to be periodically molted or shed? What kind of organism has this?
Epidermal scales
Ex: Reptiles
What is the name for the expanded ends of a bone?
Epiphysis
What percent of blood by volume is made up of erythrocytes?
45%
Define the term adaptation. What is the only mechanism that can cause it? Can it appear randomly?
A trait that enhances fitness, relative to alternative traits in the population.
From natural selection
No, it is the best existing solution.
What does the blastopore become in protostomes?
Mouth
What cells are responsible for modulating transmissions, fighting pathogens, and supporting and nourishing the nerve cells.
Glial cells
What ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and acts to expose the binding sites for myosin? Where does it bind?
Calcium
Binds to actin
What is the fluid called that runs through open circulatory systems, and where does it go to?
Hemolymph
Open systems just wash the fluid over the tissues
What is homology? Give an example.
Traits are based on shared ancestry.
Ex: Forelimb structure in vertebrates
What colors are the second most recent nodes on the phylogenetic tree?
Magenta
Yellow
Red
The salivary gland produces saliva, to keep the digestive tract moist. What type of tissue would you expect to see lining this type of gland?
Cuboidal epithelial
What areas during contraction actually shorten?
I band and H zone
What kind of organisms have an open circulatory system?
What does inverse frequency-dependent selection select for? Give an example.
Selects for traits that are rare - fitness is greater because that individual is different from most in the population
Ex: Mouth type of fish that bite sharks, one side may be more common at one time, and the other side will succeed more
What kind of symmetry do humans have?
Bilateral
What tissue type is responsible for the dilation of the pupil?
Bonus points if you can say what specific kind! (+50)
Smooth!
Osteoporosis is the weakening of bone mass. What cells are breaking down at a faster than what cells are building up bone?
Osteoclasts are breaking down bone faster than osteoblasts can build it up.
What type of system requires fluid to start within the vessels and heart?
Closed circulatory system