Cell Cycle and Regulation
What phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
S phase
What is the purpose of mitosis?
To produce two genetically identical diploid cells
How many daughter cells result from meiosis, are they identical?
4 non-identical haploid cells
Who is known as the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
What makes something a recessive trait?
Needs to be homozygous recessive (ex. ff) for expression of the gene
What complex triggers mitosis to begin?
MPF (Cyclin B + CDK)
During which phase do chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
What separates during meiosis 1 v.s. meiosis 2?
Homologous chromosomes (1), sister chromatids (2)
What are the two possible genotypes for a purple pea flower if the color purple is dominant?
PP, Pp
What inheritance pattern does Huntington's disease follow?
Autosomal dominant
Which checkpoint ensures all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers?
M checkpoint
What forms at the centromere and attaches spindle fibers?
Kinetochore
What event during prophase 1 increases genetic variability?
Crossing over
What is the expected F2 ratio from a monohybrid cross?
3:1 dominant recessive
What does it mean when a trait is X-linked?
The gene is on the X chromosome, not the Y
What protein halts the cell cycle and recruits DNA repair enzymes when damage occurs?
p53
What forms in plant cells during cytokinesis instead of cleavage furrow?
A cell plate
What law explains that allele pairs are separated during meiosis 1?
Law of segregation
What does "true breeding" mean?
Parents produce offspring that are identical in phenotype (homozygous)
Why can only females be calico cats?
X-chromosome inactivation creates mosaic expression of fur color
If both copies of a tumor suppressor gene mutate, what can happen?
The cell loses its ability to regulate growth/cancer
Why is mitosis necessary for multicellular organisms? (Give two relevant reasons)
Growth, tissue repair, replacement of cells
How does nondisjunction affect chromosome number?
It results in gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes
What does a Punnett square predict?
The probability of genotypes and phenotypes among offspring
What principle explains that 2 genes on different chromosomes assort independently?
Law of independent assortment