Complex Cognitive Processes
are categories that group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties.
Concepts
Idea that thinking is situated in social and physical contexts, not within an individual’s mind.
Situated Cognition
is knowledge about how to effectively teach a particular discipline.
Pedagogical content knowledge
involves developing a systematic, organized strategy for planning lessons.
Instructional planning
The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems.
Creative Thinking
Involves manipulating and transforming information in memory.
Thinking
•An expert stretches and supports a novice’s understanding and use of a culture’s skills.
Cognitive Apprenticeship
allows students to learn strategies to monitor reading and to summarize information.
transactional strategy instruction approach
Focuses on breaking down a complex task that students are to learn into its component parts.
Task analysis
Cognitive apprenticeship between an expert and a novice.
Tutoring
_____Involves reasoning from the specific to the general
_____Involves reasoning from the general to the specific.
Inductive
Deductive
Students work in small groups to help each other learn.
Cooperative Learning
Three main goals of reading instruction (Stahl, 2002) to help children
•Automatically recognize words.
•Comprehend text.
•Become motivated to read and appreciate reading.
•Teacher direction and control.
•High teacher expectations for students’ progress.
•Maximum time spent by students on academic tasks.
•Efforts by the teacher to keep negative effect to a minimum.
Direct instruction
Which grades should students focus on: Multiplicative reasoning, equivalence, and computational fluency
Grades 3 through 5
•Subgoaling.
•Algorithms.
•Heuristics.
•Means-end analysis.
All strategies for ___
Problem Solving
Possible drawbacks to group work
•Some students prefer to work alone.
•Low-achieving students may slow down the progress of high-achieving students.
•Some students may do all the cognitive work while others do little (social loafing).
Effective Writing Strategies:
•Prewriting.
•Planning, revising, and editing.
•Summarization.
•Sentence combining.
•Students identify real-life problems that they wish to explore, then locate materials and resources they need to address the issues or solve the problems, and teachers guide problem-solving efforts.
Problem-based learning
•Bloom’s taxonomy: Developed by Benjamin Bloom and colleagues; classifies educational objectives into three domains.
•Cognitive domain.
•Affective domain.
•Psychomotor domain.
Name types of transfer (6)
Near transfer.
Far transfer.
Low-road transfer.
High-road transfer
Forward-reaching transfer.
Backward-reaching transfer.
Strategies for Using Peer Tutoring (6)
•Spend time training tutors.
•Use cross-age tutoring rather than same-age tutoring when possible.
•Let students participate as tutor and tutee.
•Don’t let tutors give tests to tutees.
•Don’t overuse peer tutoring.
Let parents know that their child will be involved in peer tutoring
Which grades should students: •Read to learn, face difficulties in understanding various perspectives, and become increasingly able to obtain new information from print.
Grades 4 through 8
Cognitive taxonomy has six objectives.
•Knowledge.
•Comprehension.
•Application.
•Analysis.
•Synthesis.
Evaluation.
The affective taxonomy consists of five objectives related to emotional responses to tasks
•Receiving.
•Responding.
•Valuing.
•Organizing.
•Value characterizing.