Mitosis
What phase does the Cell spend most of its life cycle in?
Interphase
What Human cells go through Meiosis?
Gamete cells
What is heredity?
Transmission of traits from one generation to the next
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What are the three steps that we use to get from DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Transcription and Translation
What do Asexual Reproduction, Binary Fission, and Mitosis all have in common?
They all are aiming to make cells that are genetically identical to one another
How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell have? Gamete Cell?
Somatic: 46 (2n)
Gamete: 23 (n)
What are alternate Versions of genes called and what do they do?
Alleles and they account for variations in inherited characters
What is the monomer of DNA and what are they made of?
Nucleotide
- Sugar (deoxyribose)
- Phosphate
- Nitrogenous Base (ATGC)
What part of RNA transcripts gets removed before it is ready to be used in the cell?
Introns
What is the difference between a chromosome chromatin and chromatids?
Chromosome- Condensed Chromatin
Chromatin- DNA + Histones
Chromatid- Duplicated copies of DNA in the chromosome
Where genetic information is passed from one chromosome to the other and it happens in Prophase 1
If two Heterozygous individuals were to reproduce what is the likelihood that their child will be homozygous recessive?
25%
What are the Purines?
Larger double ringed nitrogenous bases
Adenine and Guanine
*Pure as two gold rings*
What is a codon?
Name the Phase in Mitosis:
1. Chromosomes condense
2. The duplicated chromosomes are visible as two identical sister chromatids 3. Spindle fibers begin to form
Prophase
At what phase do Homologous pairs Separate? At What phase do sister chromatids Separate?
Anaphase 1
Anaphase 2
Describe the difference between dominant and recessive Disorders
Dominant: disorder inherited through the dominant allele only one allele is needed, no carrier state
Recessive: Disorder inherited as recessive traits, two recessive alleles are needed, carriers occur when an individual is heterozygous.
Semiconservative model
One of the strands of the new DNA will be conserved from the parent molecule.
What amino Acid is transcribed from the DNA sequence ATG?
Tyrosine
Name each of the steps in Mitosis in order and give a short description of each
Prophase: chromosomes are condensing
Pro-metaphase: nuclear envelope breaks spindle fibers attach to kineticore
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate
Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart
Telophase and cytokinesis: cell elongation and cytoplasm divides
What are the three ways we can explain genetic variation?
1. Recombination of non sister chromatids during Prophase 1
2. The arrangement of chromosomes lined up during Metaphase 1
3. Random Fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell
Describe and give examples of Complete, Incomplete, and Co- Dominance.
Complete: Dominant allele masks all phenotypic expression. (Brown or white horse)
Incomplete: neiteher allele is completely dominant (light brown horse)
Co- : Both alleles are dominant (painted horse)
Give a description of how DNA replicates using this list of words: Unwinds Polymerase, lagging, Leading, Helicase, okazki fragments, ligase, 5'-3', 3'-5',
The parent strand of DNA unwinds using the Helicase enzyme. Polymerase then attaches to the leading strand and begins Reading the strand 3' end to 5' end. The polymerase on the leading strands moves towards the repication fork and adds a antiparallel strand to the parent strand. There is also a Polymerase on the lagging strand which runs 5' to 3'. The polymerase is not able to read the DNA this way so it must replicate the DNA in fragments called Okazaki fragments that will need to be sealed together by ligase after the DNA has been replicated entirely.
Describe Translation
Amino acid attaches to designated tRNA
tRNA binds to start codon (AUG) and is in the A site
succession of tRNA's add amino acids to the A site from the P site elongating the polypeptide
Ribosome Recognises a stop codon (UGA, UAA, UAG)