Muscle Physiology
The basic unit of contraction in a muscle
What is a sarcomere?
These are the pure endocrine organs in the body
What are the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands
During this phase of the cardiac cycle, the AV valves close and the first heart sound is produced
What is isovolumetric ventricular contraction
Write the equation for cardiac output
What is CO = SV x HR (Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate)
The neurotransmitter used during excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle?
What is acetylcholine
These two hormones are produced by the neurohypophysis
What are ADH and oxytocin
A nonspecific innate immune response which stimulates vasodilation and increases vascular permeability
What is inflammation
This channel in pacemaker cells opens in response to hyperpolarization and allows for net Na+ influx (Must use the whole name of the channel!)
What is hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated channels
A patient's end-diastolic volume decreases, contractility decreases, and total peripheral resistance increases, which results in this effect on the stroke volume
What is decreased stroke volume
True or false: Steroid hormones require a binding protein in order to enter the nucleus, where they then bind to their DNA-bound receptor
False
These leukocytes present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate adaptive immune response
What are macrophages and dendritic cells
Trace the path of an AP through the conducting tissues of the heart. Include all relevant pathways
What is SA node to AV node via internal pathways, AV node to AV bundle, AV bundle to Purkinje fibers via L/R bundle branches
True or False: adrenergic hormones increase permeability of HCN and Ca2+ channels, increasing ion flow which increases the rate of depolarization, resulting in a faster cardiac rate
What is true
During cross bridge cycling, release of what molecule from the myosin head causes the conformational change that results in the power stroke? AND hydrolysis of what molecule causes the myosin head to return to the cocked position?
What is phosphate and ATP
Name the two main endocrine cells of the pancreas as well as the peptide hormones they produce
What is alpha cells that secrete glucagon, and beta cells which release insulin
Host cells use these receptors to display antigens to CD4+ helper T-cells
What is MHC-II receptors
After AP is produced in myocardial contractile cells, describe the pattern of opening and closing channels that slows repolarization and produces a graphical plateau (Write all steps starting from peak AP/closing of Na+ channels and ending with return to RMP)
What is fast K+ channels open, K+ channels close, Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ channels close, slow K+ channels open
This kind of blood flow is responsible for filling the atria and ultimately determines stroke volume
What is venous return
Describe the changes to the A band, I band, H zone, and Z discs that occurs during contraction of a sarcomere
What is the A bands stays the same, the I bands, shorten, the H zone disappears, and the Z discs move closer together
Match the hormones with their endocrine cells:
A. Thyrotropic 1. Prolactin
B. Mammotropic 2. FSH/LH
C. Corticotropic 3. Growth hormone
D. Somatotropic 4. TSH
E. Gonadotropic 5. ACTH
A - 4
B - 1
C - 5
D - 3
E - 2
Describe the steps of primary activation of B cells
Antigen binds to and activates B cells; B cells undergo division to form clones; activated B cell clones secrete cytokines that cause B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells; Plasma cells secrete antibodies
What three cardiac events (both physical and electrochemical!) occur from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the S-T segment?
What is atrial repolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular contraction/ejection
A patient's blood pressure increases. Describe the physical and electrical events that occur during the resulting baroreceptor reflex
What is the aortic and carotid sinus walls stretch more, which stimulates baroreceptors, resulting in increased frequency of AP's along the sensory nerves