I (con)found statistical significance!
The probability threshold at which it is highly unlikely that an effect is due to chance.
What is p < .05?
Researchers find that p = .742, so they should ______ the null hypothesis.
What is fail to reject?
A statement claiming there are no statistical differences between means.
What is a null hypothesis?
A key part of an experiment is that the independent variable is _________.
What is manipulated?
A type of validity that allows interpretations to be generalized to the broader population.
What is external validity?
An uncontrolled variable in an experiment.
What is a confound?
The t-test used with between-subjects experimental designs.
What is an independent samples t-test?
A statistic indicating the strength and direction of a relationship.
What is a Pearson correlation?
An experiment that tests participants on the same variable before and after the manipulation.
What is a pretest/posttest design?
A causal claim criteria to establish the independent variable caused the dependent variable, in that order.
What is temporal precedence?
An extremely low or high score in the data.
What is an outlier?
A measure of the strength of an effect that is interpreted with a p-value.
What is an effect size?
A type of hypothesis that increases the statistical power of an experiment.
What is a one-tailed hypothesis?
The researcher and participants are not aware of their group assignments.
What is a double-blind study?
Covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity
What are the three criteria for a causal claim?
Improved performance due to being tested at multiple time points.
What is testing threat?
(n-1)+(n-1)
How do you find the degrees of freedom?
A non-directional hypothesis and test.
What is a two-tailed test?
The variable that is measured.
What is the dependent variable?
A claim that is lacking temporal precedence and internal validity.
What is an association claim?
When participants improve solely because they believe in the efficacy of the treatment.
What is the placebo effect?
A value from a table used to determine whether a t-statistic is significant.
What is the critical value?
standard deviation squared
How do you calculate variance?
All participants see all levels of the independent variable.
What is a within-subjects design?
A sampling distribution is made-of many sample ______.
What are means?