Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Memory
Retrieval
Forgetting
100
Learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction, this is called:
What is classical conditioning
100
This type of learning changes the rate or probability of responses on the basis of the consequences that result from those responses.
What is Operant conditioning
100
What are three memory processes discussed in Module 24?
What are encoding, storage, and retrieval
100
The duration of short term memory is approximately:
What is about 3 seconds or only a few seconds long
100
This process that may occur between working memory and long term memory causes forgetting
What is encoding failure
200
Of the 3 types of learning, this type involves acquiring new behaviors and information through observation and information, rather than by direct experience
What is cognitive learning
200
This law by Thorndike claims that responses that lead to a“satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated; responses that do not lead to a satisfying state of affairs tend not to be repeated
What is the Law of effect
200
The Three-stage memory model involves these four components
What are external events - sensory memory - working or short term memory - long term memory
200
This type of memory has an unlimited capacity and storage of memories here is thought to be permanent
What is long term memory
200
Harry Bahrick studied the forgetting curve for Spanish learned in school. People were tested for their retention of Spanish at different times ranging from 1 to 50 years. Three years after completing the Spanish course, people forgot a lot of what they had learned. However, 25 years later, people had not forgotten much more. Their forgetting leveled off. This was due to
What is storage decay
300
Jim became very sick after drinking a case of beer all by himself. Now, if he even smells beer, he begins to gag and retch. In this case, the smell of beer is a(n)
What is Conditioned stimulus
300
This type of reinforcement schedule involves a procedure of reinforcing each and every response after it occurs
What is a continuous reinforcement schedule
300
This type of sensory memory is slightly longer than iconic (visual) memory to allow us time to make sense of the information we have just received before processing the next
What is echoic (auditory) memory
300
These types of memories are clear, detailed memories of emotionally significant events.
What are flashbulb memories
300
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
What is proactive interference
400
Todd feels happy whenever he smells chocolate-chip cookies baking because, when he was a child, his grandmother, whom he loved very much, used to bake chocolate-chip cookies for him whenever he visited her. The CS in this example is:
What is the smell of chocolate chip cookies baking
400
This type of reinforcement schedule reinforces a response less frequently than every time it occurs
What is a partial reinforcement schedule
400
Immediately after a list of words is read or seen, people recall the last items in a list better, also known as
What is the recency effect
400
A neural basis for learning and remembering associations
What is long term potentiation
400
Children and people with very vivid imaginations are prone to this type of memory
What is false memory
500
Advertisers often try to get people to develop positive positive feelings to their products by pairing their product with something (e.g., an American flag) or someone (e.g., a sports figure) that already elicits positive feelings. The positive feelings to the product that develop because of the pairing would be a(n)
What is Conditioned Response
500
This type of reinforcement schedule calls for a reinforcer at the first response after a time interval whose length is randomly varied.
What is variable-interval schedule
500
A few broad concepts divided into smaller concepts and facts, then subdivided into even narrower concepts and facts is called
What is a hierarchy
500
The aplysia was classically conditioned to withdraw its gill when squirted with water and given an electric shock. This strengthened the connections between neurons and made the transmission of the signal faster in the future. The organism learned (or remembered to) withdraw its gill more quickly when it received an electrical shock. This is an example of what phenomenon
What is long term potentiation
500
Use distributed (spaced) practice. Make the material meaningful. Activate retrieval cues. Use mnemonic devices. Minimize interference. Sleep more. Test yourself! These are all ways to:
What is improve memory
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