Fungi
The only time we see diploidy in fungi is after _______ which lead to a _______.
Following karyogamy with the production of a zygote.
List similarities between charophytes (green algae) and plants.
cell walls of cellulose, similar sperm, sporopollenin, similar DNA, cellulose synthase in rosettes
Differentiate between gymnosperms and angiosperms
No flowers or fruit they have naked seeds
Differentiate between primary and secondary growth in plants.
Primary: grow up length, elongation and height-meristems
Secondary: grow out (thickness)
Define fibrous roots, tap roots, root hairs, meristematic regions
fibrous roots- covers more area, thin and a lot
Tap roots-penetrates deeper, long root, primary root
Root hairs- function in water absorption
Meristematic regions- The apices of the root systems and the shoots and is in a continuous state of division, where growth occurs
List a unique feature of each group: chytrids, zoopagomycetes, mucoromycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes
chytrids: flagellated zoospores
Zoopagomycetes: filamentous hyphae, zygosporangia
Mucoromycetes: ceoncocytic, fast growing molds, zygosporangium
Ascomycetes: ascus/sac fungi, ascus and ascocarp
Basdiomycetes: club fungi, long dikaryotic phase, basidiocarp & basidia
Give a defining character for the following groups: liverworts, hornworts, monilophyta.
Liverworts: simplest group, no stomates, thalloid or leafy type
Hornworts:long living sporophyte, closest to vasc plants
Monilophyta: have megaphylls, fronds with sorus,
In seeded vascular plants ______ is dominate and _______ is dependent
sporophyte, gamteophyte
Describe the three basic plant tissue types and their function.
Dermal Tissue – covers
Ground Tissue – Fills, supports, functional pieces
Vascular Tissue – transport
Define Chitin, hyphae, mycelium.
Chitin- substance that makes cell walls of fungi
hyphae-working portion of a fungus, filaments that extend into surrounding
mycelium-mat/network of hyphae
Describe the basic life cycle of a fungus (sexual and asexual).
Sexual: Mycelium undergoes plasmogamy to heterokaryotic stage which undergoes karyogamy to produce a zygote which undergoes meiosis to produce spores that undergo germination into mycelium.
Asexual: Mycelium to spore producing structure to spores that germination into mycelium
What is alternation of generations? What is the ploidy level of the gamete, spore, sporophyte, gametophyte?
Diploid sporophytes give rise to haploid spores via meiosis which divide through mitosis to produce haploid gametophytes which give rise to haploid gametes via mitosis. Gametes fuse to form zygotes which grow into diploid sporophytes.
What are the gymnosperm groups we discussed and a definin character for each?
Cycadophyta- large cones, flagellated sperm, abundant in Mesozoic era.
Coniferophyta:cone producers, non motile sperm
Sugars formed in the leaves through photosynthesis are transported to the roots through the _____ which is ______at maturity. Water from soil travels through the ____ up which is composed of _____at maturity
Phloem, alive, Xylem, dead/lignified
Which term is incorrectly defined?
a) sporophylls—modified leaves that bear sporangia
b) strobili—cone-like structures formed from groups of
sporophylls in lycophytes and gymnosperms
c) sori—clusters of sporangia produced by fern sporophylls
d) megaspores—spores that develop into male
gametophytes
d) what is the correct definition
What are mycorrhizae and what are the two types?
fungi networks that form symbiotic relationships with plants to deliver phosphtes, water, nitrogen, and minerals. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, glomerocyetes) and Ectomycorrhizal (EMF)
Compare and contrast non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants. (list characteristics)
Nonvasc- Rhizoids (not roots) No vascular tissue, Small in stature, Gametophyte dominant, Sporophyte dependent, No seeds
Seedless Vasc- Vascular Tissue ,Roots, leaves, stems Sporophyte dominant and gametophyte independent, no seeds
Explain double fertilization
One sperm and the egg combine, forming a diploid zygote, the future embryo. The other sperm fuses with the 2n polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that will develop into the endosperm which provides nourishment and multiple layers of protection. Creates a seed that is seed coat, endosperm, and embryo in the middle.
The shoot system is made of _____ and _____. A deciduous leaf means it has ______ growing season(s)
stems and leaves, one
homospory vs heterospory
spores of similar shape and size is known as homospory. The phenomenon of producing different types of spores is known as heterospory (micro and mega)
You are given 2 fungi to identify. The first has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of fungus is this? The second is a coenocyte and produces a zygosporangium following plasmogamy and is ceonocytic.
Ascomycetes, murcocytes
Describe the moss life cycle.
Spores released from peristome of sporangium to protonemata to bud to gametophyte (either male or female), if male antheridia produce sperm which join with egg in fertilization which occurs in the archegonium to produce a zygote which forms a young sporophyte which grows into a mature sporophyte on the female gamteophyte.
Describe the angiosperm life cycle
Ovary with ovule containing the megasporangium through meiosis forms megaspore. Stamen with microsporangium though meiosis to microspore forms pollen grains (male gametophyte) that travel down pollen tube through style. Style discharges pollen which meets with egg for fertilization forms a zygote and endosperm which forms the seed that germinates to form a plant (sporophyte) with new mature flower.
Describe the three primary meristems. Where do they come from? What do they go on to make?
All rise from apical meristem
Protoderm- forms dermal tissue
Ground meristem-ground tissue system
Procambium- vascular tissue system
Parenchyma cells, Collenchyma cells, Sclerenchyma cells
Parenchyma cells-most abundant, fxn in metabolism, thin walls with spaces, alive at maturity
Collenchyma cells- support and strength thick cell walls and absent or small spaces
Sclerenchyma cells-support of mature tissues, dead at maturity with cell walls of lignin, have fibers and sclerids