Mitosis
refers to all body cells except gamete cells
Somatic cells
Meiosis produces this number of haploid daughter cells
4
An alternate form of a gene
Allele
end of a chromosome
telomere
Lagging strand leads to discontinuous synthesis. The short fragments are called _____.
Okazaki fragments.
in interphase when DNA is replicated
S phase
After interphase, the sister chromatids are held together by proteins called
cohesions
all individuals are identical for a trait, and self-fertilization gives rise to offspring like parents, generation after generation.
true-breeding
Each new strand is synthesized 5’ to 3’ because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to which end?
3' end
_______is an explanation of a phenomenon that cannot be observed directly, accounting for the “inner workings” of the system.
scientific theory
The number of chromosomes during anaphase
92
What is is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
Crossing over
The location of a gene, its specific place on a specific chromosome
Locus
Linear chromosomes do get shorter at each replication, but an enzyme ____ elongates them.
telomerase
defined as change in genotype and phenotype due to external DNA
transformation
this checkpoint halts M if DNA is damaged or incompletely replicated.
G2 checkpoint
During this phase, Nuclear envelope breaks apart; Chromosomes condense, Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs.
Prophase 1
During gamete formation, alleles segregate from each other, so that each gamete has one allele. Each individual receives 1 allele from each parent (fertilization). What is this describing?
Mendel's Law of Segregation
Defined as: a nuclease recognizes and removes the mispaired region
Excision
Defined as: region of the chromosome where the 2 sister chromatids are most closely attached
centromere
During anaphase, cohesion proteins are cleaved by this enzyme, allowing sister chromatids to break apart
separase
During _____, Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis.
independent assortment
true or false: Some alleles are harmful because they result in non-functional proteins
true
complex of 8 histone proteins
nucleosome
Defined as: protein structure on chromatids where spindle microtubules attach, located at the centromere region
kinetochore