Let Your Blood Flow
Low levels of erythrocytes or red blood cells
What is anemia?
The movement of air between the atmosphere and the respiratory portion of the lungs.
What is ventilation?
Protective mechanism of tightly fit membrane designed to keep toxic substances out and electrolyte balance constant.
What is the blood brain barrier?
Exerts control over the activities of several endocrine glands, this a wide range of physiologic functions.
What is the hypothalmic-pituitary regulation?
Released in a fasting state
Stimulates the release of stored glucose from the liver to raise blood glucose level
What is glucagon?
Oxygen-carrying protein, contains globulins and heme, needs amino acids, Vitamin B, and iron
What is hemoglobin?
The flow of blood through the lungs.
What is perfusion?
Maintains vital functions, responds when there is a critical threat to integrity, the fight or flight response, uses the neurotransmitters - epinephrine and norepinephrine.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Produced in anterior pituitary, necessary for linear bone growth in children, stimulates cells to increase in size and divide more rapidly, enhances amino acid transport across cell membranes.
What is growth hormone?
Released during the postprandial (nourished) state.
Aids in glucose transport into the cells and promotes glucose storage.
Deficiency and resistance causes diabetes
What is insulin?
Caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 also known as folate.
What is Pernicious anemia or Folate Deficiency anemia?
Arises from the pulmonary artery and provides for the gas exchange function of the lungs.
What is pulmonary circulation?
Whenever the volume of on component of intracranial pressure increases there must be a compensatory decrease in the others.
What is the Monroe Kellie Doctrine or Hypothsis?
Decreased metabolic rate
Accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharide substance (myxedema) in the connective tissues
Elevated serum cholesterol
What is hypothyroidism?
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
What are the three early clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus?
Deficiency due to poor nutrition, malabsorption, drugs, alcoholism, anorexia, hemodialysis. Could cause neurological defects and cognitive disorders such as Spina Bifida.
What is Folic Acid Deficiency?
May be of viral, bacterial, or mixed viral-bacterial origin occuring within the sinuses.
What is acute rhinosinusitis?
Widening pulse pressure, bradycardia, respiratory changes
What is Cushing's Triad?
ACTH levels are elevated because of lack of feedback inhibition.
What is primary adrenal cortical insufficiency or Addison disease?
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells and abnormal alpha cell function (glucagon)
Characterized by an absolute lack of insulin, an elevation in blood glucose, and an accelerated breakdown of body fats and proteins.
Acute vs slow progression
What is Type I DM?
Most common type of anemia worldwide caused by nutritional deficiency or blood loss.
What is iron deficiency anemia?
Disorders involving inflammation of the alveoli and bronchioles cause by infectious agents and noninfectious agents such as inhalation of fumes or aspiration of gastric contents.
What is pneumonia?
A demyelinating disease of the CSN, individual will experience exacerbations and remissions, risk factors include: genetic factors, Vitamin D deficiency, and Epstien-Barr virus.
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Pituitary form - Results from excessive production of ACTH by a tumor of the pituitary gland
Adrenal form - Caused by a benign or malignant adrenal tumor
Ectopic form- Nonpituitary ACTH-secreting tumor
What is hypercortisolism or Cushing Syndrome?
•90% of all DM
•Islet cell antibodies not present
•Not always insulin dependent
•Not prone to ketoacidosis ~ HHS
•Adult vs increasing incidence in children
•Strong genetic predisposition
•Long associated with obesity, family history, ethnicity, HTN
What is Type 2 DM?
A genetic mutation, inherited autosomal recessive disorder that causes Hgb S to react to deoxygenation and dehydration, change in RBC shape.
What is Sickle Cell or Hemolytic anemia?
Airborne infection spead by minute droplet nuclei harbored in the respiratory secretions of person who have active infection.
What is tuberculosis?
Autoimmune disease caused by the antibody-mediated loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
Caused by a deficiency in anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Any degree of glucose intolerance that occurs initially during pregnancy,
Increased risk for complications of pregnancy, mortality, and fetal abnormalities
Glucose levels return to normal postpartum
Increased risk for developing Type II DM
What is gestational DM?
Acute, self-limiting infection of B lymphocytes commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
What is Infectious Mononucleosis?
Results from inadequate O2, diseases of respiratory system, dysfunction of neurological system, and alterations in circulatory function.
What is hypoxemia?
Degerative disorder of basal ganglia function that results in variable combination of tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia that is associated with decreased levels of dopamine.
What is Parkinson's Disease?
Caused by a surplus of ADH
What is Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH?
Hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
What are acute complications of DM?
Characterized by presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes, necessary for diagnosis.
What is Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Inflammation that results from hyperesponsiveness of the airways that can lead to obstruction.
What is asthma?
Sudden loss of function resulting from a disruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain can be hemorrhagic or ischemic.
What is a stroke?
Four glands located by the thyroid gland which regulates calcium levels and controls bone formation.
What are the parathyroid glands?
Micro and Macro vascular changes, heart disease and stroke, renal dysfunction, neuropathies
What are some chronic complications of DM?