Lymphatics
What is the organization of the lymphatic system vessels from smallest to largest?
What is the function of interferon?
Distinguish between humoral (B cells) and cellular (T cells) immunity.
B cells- produce antibodies to patrol the body and look for antigens to bind and some will become memory cells
T cells- primarily CD4 and CD8 cells. CD4 help to activate B and T cells as well as other immune cells whereas CD8 cells directly kill cancerous or infected cells
T cells primarily focus on intracellular pathogens and B cells focus on primarily free floating antigens
A 55-year-old male presents with fatigue, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss. A lymph node biopsy reveals Reed-Sternberg cells. Which type of lymphoma is most likely diagnosed in this patient?
a. Hodgkin lymphoma
b. Non-hodgkin lymphoma
c. Burkitt lymphoma
d. Mantle cell lymphoma
Complement is involved in this:
a. Only adaptive immunity
b. Only innate immunity
c. Both adaptive and innate immunity
Both adapative and innate immunity
Describe how the lymphatic system helps to maintain homeostasis.
The lymphatic system helps maintain homeostasis by:
1. Helping regulate fluid balance by returning excess IF to the blood stream
2. Transports lymph filled with white blood cells to help fight off infection
3. Absorbs fats from the digestive system
4. Filtering waste through lymph nodes
a. Tears and saliva washing away MO
b. Basophils releasing histamine
c. B cells presenting their antigens
D. Activation of memory cells
a. Tears and saliva washing away MO
b. Basophils releasing histamine
What are positive and negative selection? Which can possibly result in an autoimmune disease?
Positive- the ability for cells to bind with MHC (if fail cell dies)
Negative- Tests self tolerance (if you bind self you die)
If a cell somehow fails negative selection and gains access to the rest of the body, an autoimmune disorder may occur
A patient receives a kidney transplant but experiences acute rejection shortly after the procedure. This rejection is primarily mediated by which type of immune response?
a. Cell mediated response
b. Humoral response
c. Innate immune response
In which ways is lymph assisted in circulating the lymphatic system?
Respiratory and sketeltal pumps
Pulsatile movement of blood from arteries
Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessels walls
What are the components of lymph?
Water, solutes, cellular debris, pathogens, cancer cells
Explain the events of inflammation (be as specific as you can)
Leukocytes are recruited (margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis)
Plasma proteins flock to site (clotting and Ig)
Clots form to wall off the area
What are the three types of APCs? How do they assist in the immune system's function?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B-lymphocytes
These cells display an antigen on themselves so T cells can recognize it and start the process of destroying unwanted things
A 62-year-old woman presents with swelling in her right arm following a mastectomy and lymph node removal. She is experiencing pain and heaviness in the affected limb. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Lymphedema
b. Deep vein thrombosis
c. Cellulitis
D. Venous insufficiency
a. Lymphedema
Elimination of an antigen stops production of antibodies in this manner
a. antigens cannot combine with MHC class II molecules
b. no signal to cause lymphocytes to proliferate
c. cause depression of helper t cells?
d. a and b
e. all of the above
d. a and b
Describe the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid structures as well as provide examples of each.
Primary- form and mature lymphocytes, red bone marrow and thymus
Secondary- house lymphocytes and other immune cells, Malt and spleen and lymph nodes and tonsils and
Explain what an NK cell is, what it does, and how it does what it does
They are a cell that patrols the body looking for unwanted cells (cancer cells or other infected cells)
They can destroy other cells too including virus/bacteria infected cells and transplanted tissue
Upon finding a cell to kill they will use perforin to perforate the cell to be able to insert granzyme which causes apoptosis
What are all 5 classes of immunoglobulins and what are their functions?
IgG- up to 85% of all antibodies in blood and can cross the placenta
IgM- effective at agglutination and responsible for transfusion reactions
IgA- in saliva, mucus, tears, breastmilk
IgD- B-lymphocyte receptor to ID when they are ready for activation
IgE- parasites and allergic reactions
A laboratory report shows elevated levels of IgE in a 10-year-old boy who has eaten shellfish for the first time. What is this indicative?
Likely an allergy response as IgE has a primary function of mediating allergic reactions
This statement best describes neutrophils
a. enlarge to become macrophages
b. account for most of the dead cells in pus
c. are usually the last cell type to enter infected tissue
d. are usually located in lymphatic and blood sinuses
b. account for most of the dead cells in pus
Describe what MALT is, where it is located as well as the primary function.
It is clusters of lymphoid cells that are found in the GI, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts mainly to helo fight off pathogens as they enter the body
A patient presents with recurrent bacterial infections and is found to have a deficiency in neutrophil migration. This impairment is most likely due to dysfunction in which aspect of the innate immune response?
a. Complement activation
b. Phagocytosis
c. Chemotaxis
D. NKC activity
c. Chemotaxis
Explain and provide examples for all four kinds of active and passive immunity (2 active/2 passive).
Active immunity will trigger the production of memory cells, whereas passive will not.
Active natural- occurs from direct exposure to a pathogen entering the body naturally
Active artificial- occurs following a vaccine
Passive natural- transfer from mother to fetus or child
Passive artificial- serum transfer from another person or animal
In a patient with a severe infection, which immune system component works to enhance opsonization and inflammation?
Complement proteins
Booster shots are given some time after the original dose was administered for these purposes except:
a. stimulates a secondary response
b. large amounts of antibodies are formed
c. the original dose has worn off
d. provides longer-lasting immunity
c. the original dose has worn off