Programming and Teaching Strategies
What is one example of a normative strategy?
choosing a target based on developmental trajectory
What is an example of a % accuracy criterion?
What is an example of a non-verbal counseling behavior?
eye gaze, open body posture, moments of silence, head nodding, smiling/maintaining appropriate facial expressions, etc.
What does positive and negative mean with regard to punishment and reinforcement?
Positive -- introducing something to influence behavior
Negative -- taking away something from the environment to influence behavior
What's an example of indirect and direct modeling?
"Watch me then you try sssssssnake"
reading a story about sally the snake, emphasizing each /s/
What does stimuli mean? What is an example?
an event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response
flashcards, story, toys hidden in sensory bin with target sound
What does duration refer to?
How long the behavior must be exhibited for the goal to be mastered (e.g., across 2 consecutive sessions)
What is the therapeutic alliance?
The clinician-client relationship, which is judged to be positive when goals are set collaboratively, tasks are mutually agreed on, and a positive affective bond is established
what is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
reinforcement -- introducing something to/removing something from the environment after a behavior to increase the likelihood it will re-occur
punishment -- introducing something to/removing something from the environment after a behavior to decrease the likelihood it will re-occur
What is an example of an open question you may ask at the beginning of a client interview?
What brings you in today?
How do you feel about your communication?
What is this an example of?
Client: “baby bottle”
Clinician: “the baby is drinking their bottle”
Expansion
linguistic: word position, level of linguistic complexity
physical/environmental: during structured activity, in small group conversations
What may account for successful treatment above and beyond the techniques and approaches used?
Negative Punishment
What type of behavior modification least likely to be used in speech therapy?
Positive Punishment (e.g., spanking, frowning at child, introducing non-preferred task after error)
What is fading?
Modeling, prompting, and/or reinforcement are reduced in gradual steps while maintaining the target response.
What is missing from this goal?
By 3-24-26, Eva will self-disclose to unfamiliar listeners without support from the clinician across two consecutive therapy sessions
criterion (how many times? in how many opportunities? etc.)
What is paraphrasing vs a reflection of feeling
Paraphrasing involves restating what was shared by the client in your own words, reflection of feeling builds on this by emphasizing the underlying emotions shared
When a non-preferred behavior increases prior to being replaced with a more adaptive behavior
what is this phenomenon called?
extinction burst
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
Compare and contrast prompts and cues?
What are examples?
–Prompts: a direct form of support that leads to the correct answer/behavior -- "place your tongue between your teeth and blow"
–Cues: indirect form of support; “hint” -- “Watch my mouth”
What is missing from this goal?
Garrett will produce /s/ with 80% accuracy given 1 verbal prompt across two consecutive therapy sessions
contexts
in what word position? at what unit of complexity (e.g., sentences)? During what type of interaction (e.g., structured activity)
I just hate going to math class. Cole always says something to me about my speech. It's so annoying.
In response to this, what could be a reflection of feeling and check-out?
So it seems like the reason you haven't been going to math is because Cole has been mocking you about your speech. That seems to be really frustrating to have to go through. Am I understanding you correctly?
Compare and contrast the following terms as they relate to schedules of reinforcement:
variable and fixed
ratio and interval
variable -- the amount of time or # of repetitions required to receive the reinforcer varies
fixed -- the amount of time or # repetitions to receive the reinforcer remains the same across trials
ratio -- refers to a # of repetitions needed of target behavior
interval -- refers to an amount of time in which the target behavior needs to be demonstrated
When would you switch from a continuous to an intermittent schedule of reinforcement?
General rule is to switch to an intermittent schedule when the behavior has increased 30 to 50% above baseline