Energy & Metabolism
What is energy?
The capacity to do work
(change in state or motion of matter)
–Expressed in kilojoules or kilocalories
What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Formation of Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle (AKA Citric Acid Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
What are the two phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase and M Phase
What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?
Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons
*Remember: OIL RIG
What are the two processes of metabolism?
Anabolism (synthesizing molecules) Catabolism (breaking molecules down)
What is the major event that occurs in glycolysis?
During photosynthesis, plants take in this gas from the atmosphere and incorporate it into organic molecules.
CO2
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only transferred or converted to another form
What is the major event that occurs in the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?
Complete oxidization of acetyl CoA, releasing 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2, and 2 CO2 per acetyl CoA molecule
What are photons?
Small particles or packets that compose light.
This process results in four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis
What are the 4 phases of interphaes?
G1
S
G2
G0*
What are redox reactions?
Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules
What is the major event that occurs in the electron transport chain?
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transfered to oxygen, creating a proton gradient and resulting in the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
What is the pigment inside the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light primarily in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum?
Chlorophyll
This process results in two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Mitosis
What does ATP synthase do?
Synthesize ATP from ADP and P(i) by utilizing energy generated from the proton gradient in the ETC
*Note: Look Up image
What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?
Exergonic reactions release energy and occur spontaneously whereas endergonic reactions require energy input (non-spontaneously) to occur
How much ATP is formed from each stage of the Krebs Cycle per glucose molecule? (theoretical yield)
Glycolysis- 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle- 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain- 34 ATP
What is a stromata?
Microscopic pores of leaf where gas exchange occurs
This phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the cell’s equatorial plane.
Metaphase
What is the difference between photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs.
-Photoautotrophs use light energy to make
ATP and NADPH
-Chemoheterotrophs obtain energy from
chemicals by redox reactions
-Photoheterotrophs use light energy but do
not carry out carbon fixation
-Chemoautotrophs obtain energy from
oxidation of reduced inorganic molecules