Cardiac Physiology
This node is considered the heart’s natural pacemaker.
What is the SA node?
This gas is the primary driver of the urge to breathe.
What is CO₂?
This hormone increases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion in the distal nephron.
What is aldosterone?
These hormones bind to intracellular receptors and directly affect gene expression.
What are steroid hormones?
Gas exchange in the lungs occurs through this process.
These specialized structures allow ions to pass directly between cardiac muscle cells.
What are gap junctions?
These lipoproteins prevent alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension.
The process by which substances are added to the nephron from the bloodstream is called what?
What is tubular secretion?
This "master gland" regulates many other endocrine glands.
What is the pituitary gland?
In cardiac physiology, this ion is crucial for initiating contraction by binding to troponin.
This phase in the cardiac contractile cell action potential corresponds to Ca²⁺ influx and prolongs contraction.
What is Phase 2: Plateau phase?
This curve shows hemoglobin’s changing affinity for oxygen under different conditions.
What is the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve?
This part of the nephron is impermeable to water and actively reabsorbs NaCl.
What is the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
The HPA axis culminates in the release of this stress hormone from the adrenal cortex.
What is cortisol?
In the nephron, this segment reabsorbs the majority of filtered substances including glucose.
What is the PCT?
This type of calcium channel is responsible for long-lasting calcium currents in contractile cells.
What is the L-type calcium channel?
This condition in premature infants results from insufficient surfactant production.
What is Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?
The enzyme released by the kidney in response to low blood pressure is called?
What is renin?
This pancreatic hormone lowers blood glucose levels.
What is insulin?
This hormone system is activated when blood pressure or Na⁺ levels are low.
What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
A complete heart block, also known as this degree of AV block, causes the atria and ventricles to beat independently.
What is a Third-degree AV block?
A rightward shift in the oxygen dissociation curve results in what physiological effect?
What is decreased Hb-oxygen affinity?
This hormone increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the collecting duct.
What is vasopressin (ADH)?
Peptide hormones act faster than steroid hormones because they act through these second messengers.
What is cAMP?
Hyperthyroidism can lead to this cardiovascular condition characterized by a rapid, irregular heartbeat.
What is atrial fibrillation?