CH07
This saddle-like structure in the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland.
What is the sella turcica?
This type of joint connects bones with ligaments and allows slight movement.
What is a syndesmosis?
This high-energy molecule transfers a phosphate group to ADP to rapidly form ATP.
What is creatine phosphate?
These paired bones contribute to the medial walls of the orbit and house the tear ducts.
What are the lacrimal bones?
Name the three pathways muscles use to regenerate ATP.
What are creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic respiration?
These bones form the cheekbones and articulate with the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, and maxilla bones.
What are the zygomatic bones?
These fluid-filled sacs reduce friction between moving tissues in joints.
What are bursae?
The muscle shortens during this type of isotonic contraction.
What is concentric contraction?
This enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft to stop contraction.
What is acetylcholinesterase?
The protein that binds oxygen inside muscle cells.
What is myoglobin?
Which foramen in the temporal bone allows the vestibulocochlear and facial nerves to pass?
What is the internal acoustic meatus?
This type of joint allows pivoting, like the rotation of the atlas and axis.
What is a pivot joint?
The difference in calcium regulation between smooth and skeletal muscle.
What is: smooth muscle uses calmodulin, skeletal uses troponin?
This condition may result from degeneration of intervertebral discs, leading to nerve compression.
What is a herniated disc?
This fiber type provides explosive power but fatigues quickly.
What is Type IIb (fast glycolytic) fiber?
The suture that connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones across the top of the skull.
What is the coronal suture?
These muscles stabilize the shoulder and are commonly injured by overuse.
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
What causes muscle relaxation after contraction?
Calcium is pumped back into the SR, and ATP allows myosin heads to detach from actin.
This ligament is repaired in Tommy John surgery.
What is the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL)?
This toxin blocks ACh release at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis.
What is botulinum toxin?
This large, rough projection on the femur serves as a major site of muscle attachment.
What is the greater trochanter?
Describe the difference between synchondrosis and symphysis joints in location and composition.
Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage, immovable (e.g., epiphyseal plates); Symphysis: fibrocartilage, slightly movable (e.g., pubic symphysis).
This fiber type is best suited for marathon running due to high endurance.
What is Type I (slow oxidative) fibers?
In a marathon, which muscle fiber types are most recruited and why?
Type I (slow-twitch) fibers—because they are fatigue-resistant and rely on aerobic respiration.
Describe the steps of excitation-contraction coupling, starting with a motor neuron impulse.
Motor neuron fires → ACh release → sarcolemma depolarization → T-tubule action potential → Ca²⁺ release from SR → contraction.