Proteins
What is the transmembrane protein that produces ATP in chemiosmosis?
a. Na+/K+ ATPase
b. Kinases
c. ATP Synthase
d. Aquaporins
c. ATP Synthase
It is the energy required for a reaction to start.
a. Potential energy
b. Kinetic energy
c. Law of Thermodynamics
d. Activation energy
d. Activation energy
Cellular respiration can best be described as. . .
a) using energy released from breaking high-energy covalent bonds in organic molecules to force ATP formation from ADP and phosphate.
b) taking electrons from food and giving them to phosphate to make ATP.
c) taking electrons from food and giving them to oxygen to make water, using the energy released to drive ATP formation.
d) converting higher-energy organic molecules to lower-energy organic molecules and using the energy released to drive ATP formation.
c) taking electrons from food and giving them to oxygen to make water, using the energy released to drive ATP formation.
Which of the following cannot be used as a fuel source for cellular respiration?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Nucleic acids
d. Proteins
c. Nucleic acids
In human muscle cells, the fermentation process is produces. . .
a. 12 molecules of ATP
b. oxaloacetate
c. lactic acid
d. an excessive amount of energy
e. pyruvic acid
c. lactic acid
Enzymes change ________________.
a. The free energy of reactants.
b. The free energy of products.
c. ΔG of a reaction
d. The amount of energy needed to reach the transition state
d. The amount of energy needed to reach the transition state
Which of the following does not describe the first law of thermodynamics?
a. Energy cannot be created.
b. Energy cannot be destroyed.
c. The energy of the universe is constant.
d. In all spontaneous processes, disorder increases.
d. In all spontaneous processes, disorder increases.
Most CO2 from catabolism is released during
a. electron transport.
b. lactate fermentation.
c. the citric acid cycle.
d. oxidative phosphorylation.
c. the citric acid cycle.
The equation for cellular respiration is as follows:
C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY.
Which molecule is oxidized?
C6H1206
What is the purpose of fermentation reactions?
a) to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
b) to make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions
c) to make additional ATP when respiration can’t make ATP fast enough
d) to slow down cellular oxygen consumption when oxygen is scarce
e) to make organic molecules that cells can store until oxygen becomes available
a) to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
Which of the following provides the energy required for chemiosmosis to occur?
a. Pyruvate oxidation
b. TCA Cycle
c. Electron Transport Chain
d. Chemiosmosis
c. Electron Transport Chain
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Anabolism involves the synthesis of new molecules from smaller components.
b. Anabolism is an exergonic reaction.
c. Catabolism is a metabolic pathway which releases energy.
d. Catabolism degrades larger molecules to smaller components.
b. Anabolism is an exergonic reaction.
Through beta oxidation, fats are converted to acetyl CoAs. The further respiration of these acetyl-CoAs typically bypasses which parts of normal aerobic respiration?
a) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
b) glycolysis and chemiosmosis
c) the citric acid cycle and fermentation
d) pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
e) glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
e) glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
The molecule that is reduced at the end of the electron transport chain is. . .
a. FAD
b. NAD+
c. ATP
d. O2
e. H2O
d. O2
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lactic acid fermentation?
a. production of lactate as the main end product
b. involves the TCA cycle
c. occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise
d. produces ATO through substrate-level phosphorylation
e. regenerates NAD+ from NADH
b. involves the TCA cycle
Competitive inhibitors of enzymes work by:
a. altering the shape of the enzyme
b. fitting into an allosteric site
c. fitting into the active site
d. changing the enzyme into in inactive form
c. fitting into the active site
Which of the following induces a conformational change to the enzyme?
a. Competitive inhibitors
b. Noncompetitive inhibitors
c. Both A and B.
d. Neither A nor B.
b. Noncompetitive inhibitors
Which statement about pyruvate is false?
a. it contains three carbon atoms
b. it enters the transition state
c. it is the end product of glycolysis
d. it is a protein
e. it is a precursor of acetyl-CoA
d. it is a protein
Which statement about oxidative phosphorylation is false?
a. its functions can be served equally by fermentation
b. it is brought about by chemiosmosis
c. it requires aerobic conditions
d. it forms ATP
e. it takes place in the mitochondria
a. its functions can be served equally by fermentation
What do cells require to sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?
a) functioning mitochondria
b) oxygen
c) oxidative phosphorylation of ATP
d) NAD+
e) all of the above
d) NAD+
Which statement about enzymes is false?
a. they are sensitive to heat
b. they change the rate of the catalyzed reaction
c. they change the free energy of the reaction
d. they are sensitive to pH
c. they change the free energy of the reaction
Which of the following metabolic processes can occur without a net influx of energy from some other process?
A. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
B. amino acids → protein
C. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
D. glucose + fructose → sucrose
A. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Which of the following is either utilized or produced in Pyruvate Oxidation?
a. Glucose
b. G3P or DHAP
c. Pyruvate
d. Coenzyme A
e. Acetyl-CoA
f. NAD+ / NADH
g. FAD / FADH2
h. ATP
i. CO2
k. O2
l. H2O
m. Oxaloacetate
c. Pyruvate
d. Coenzyme A
e. Acetyl-CoA
f. NAD+ / NADH
i. CO2
The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the
a. flow of electrons down the electron transport chain.
b. H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.
c. affinity of oxygen for electrons.
d. oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds.
b. H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.
How does the reduction of pyruvate into lactic acid fermentation allow glycolysis to occur in the absence of oxygen?
a. water is formed during this reaction
b. this reaction is coupled to the reduction of NAD+ to NADH
c. this reaction is coupled to the formation of ATP
d. this reaction is couple to the oxidation of NADH to NAD+
d. this reaction is couple to the oxidation of NADH to NAD+