Chapter 8
Approximate percentage of calories effectively lost from a purge episode.
About 50% or half.
Define sexual dysfunction and paraphilic disorders.
Sexual Dysfunction: difficulties related to desire, arousal, and response in sexual activity
Paraphilic Disorders: misplaced sexual attraction
True or False: Can someone develop a dependence on a substance without misusing it?
True
Examples of medical necessity, in which a patient is prescribed medication and takes it as prescribed, but over time develops a dependence on using it because of the body's natural way of building tolerance.
Average onset and course of personality disorders:
Childhood onset; chronic course
Which sleep-wake disorder includes cataplexy, and what does that mean?
Narcolepsy
Sudden loss of muscle tone, usually brief
What is the effect of childhood sexual victimization on the development of future sexual dysfunction or paraphilic disorders?
Increase likelihood of incidence
What is the definition of contingency management as it relates to substance use treatment?
Rewarding positive results of sobriety or abstinence.
Example of someone earning a reward of some sort for producing a clean blood or urine sample.
Compare the dimensional and categorical model of classification for personality disorders.
Dimensional: Spectrum approach, based on universal patterns of personality and degree of impairment in each
Categorical: "all-or-nothing," you either have a diagnosis by meeting the criteria or you don't
List some of the natural remedies for sleep-wake disorders, other than medical interventions.
Light therapy
Natural melatonin development
Phase adjustments
Sleep hygiene
Age at which gender identity begins to solidify in children:
1.5 - 3 years old
Which substance-use disorder is characterized by delirium tremens during withdrawal, and what are these symptoms?
Alcohol-use disorders
DT's are hallucinations and tremors that come as a result of sudden reduction of alcohol intake.
What does "ego-syntonic" mean with regard to personality disorders?
Client does not feel as though treatment is necessary. Not experiencing personal distress, or at least, not that they attribute to themselves/their personality. More likely to categorize others as the problem.
Define BMI, and discuss the importance of this on the process of diagnosing eating disorders and obesity.
Body Mass Index
Anorexia Nervosa- BMI under 18.5
Bulimia Nervosa- BMI within normal range
Binge Eating Disorder- 20% in weight programs have BED, 50% bariatric surgery candidates have BED
Obesity- close to 40% of population has BMI in obese or morbidly obese range
What do you know about sexual schemas for each gender?
Males: tend to have a more positive view of sexual activity, value dominance/physical closeness/aggression
Females: more likely to have a conservative view of sexual activity, value emotional closeness/intimacy
Define the "Expectancy Effect" and how it relates to substance use.
Expectancy Effect: If an individual expects a positive experience with substance use (from family members or media), they are more likely to use. If an individual expects a negative result (from education or experience), they are less likely to use.
List some of the common results of personality disorders as a whole, consistent between all three clusters.
Interpersonal difficulties: most personality disorders result in conflict, divorce, and/or a lack of close relationships.
Chronic and lifelong, in many cases due to a lack of seeking treatment.
Describe the medical complications of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, noting similarities and differences between the two.
Anorexia: electrolyte imbalance, organ damage, heart attacks, amenorrhea, lanugo, brittle hair/skin/nails
Bulima: electrolyte imbalance, organ damage, intestinal/colon issues, dental erosion, seizures
Describe what you know about reconditioning treatment for sexual dysfunctions.
Reconditioning is the process of pairing positive reinforcement with patterns of arousal that are more appropriate or desired by the client.
In other words, rewarding appropriate sexual behavior in hopes of replacing inappropriate sexual behavior.
List the categories of substance-use disorders and the corresponding neurotransmitters that are impacted by use of these substances, if applicable.
Alcohol: GABA (inhibitory)
Stimulants: norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine (nicotine), adenosine (caffeine)
Opioids: dopamine and glutamate (excitatory)
Hallucinogens: serotonin and glutamate (excitatory)
Other: N/A, varies based on substance
Describe the underarousal and fearlessness theories related to antisocial personality disorder.
Underarousal Theory: Low physiological arousal may seek out high-stimulation and risky behaviors to feel more engaged and "alive."
Fearlessness Theory: Higher fear threshold, leading to a lack of normal reactions to threatening stimuli or consequences.