Cardiovascular System
What are the 3 components required for the system of circulation?
What are
A pump- heart
Blood Vessels - systems of channels
Blood - fluid medium
This place is the place in the airway that never reaches the alveoli for gas exchange.
What is the dead space.
220-age AND 208-(0.7 x age) are both equations to estimate
what is maximum heart rate or heart rate max
_______ is the process by which the thermoregulatory center; located in the hypothalamus, readjusts body temperature in response to small deviations from the set point.
What is thermoregulation.
_________ is defined as the force exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere, and what it is what pushes down on the Earth's surface.
What is Atmospheric Pressure
The heart gets it's own oxygen supply through
What are the coronary arteries
This pulmonary volume is defined as the amount of air entering and leaving the lungs with each normal breath.
What is tidal volume.
During moderate, submaximal exercise, this term describes the point at which oxygen uptake plateaus, indicating a balance between the body’s energy supply and energy demand.
What is the steady state
This term describes the body’s natural or artificial barrier, such as fat or clothing, that reduces heat loss to the environment.
What is insulation
At high altitudes, this measure of aerobic capacity decreases due to lower oxygen availability (PO2), which can reduce endurance performance.
What is VO2max.
These cells are located in cardiac muscle and help keep the fibers together and strengthen contraction.
What are desmosomes
This curve illustrates the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen, showing how readily hemoglobin binds or releases oxygen at different oxygen levels.
What is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
This concept explains how an increase in venous return stretches the cardiac muscle fibers, leading to a stronger contraction and greater stroke volume.
What is the Frank Starling Mechanism
In environments with this condition, sweat evaporates more easily from the skin, enhancing heat loss but also increasing the risk of dehydration during exercise.
What is low relative humidity
This potentially life-threatening condition at high altitude occurs when fluid accumulates in the lungs due to hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, leading to shortness of breath and reduced exercise tolerance.
What is high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE).
Known as the heart’s natural pacemaker, this group of cells in the right atrium starts the electrical signal that triggers each heartbeat.
What is the SA node
This law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas, helping explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in the lungs.
What is Dalton's Law.
During prolonged steady-state exercise, this phenomenon describes the gradual increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume, often caused by rising body temperature and fluid loss.
What is cardiovascular drift.
During exercise, this mode of heat transfer involves the movement of warm blood to the skin and the exchange of heat with moving air or water, making it a major factor in thermoregulation in windy or aquatic environments.
What is convection.
This training strategy involves residing at high altitude to stimulate red blood cell production while exercising at lower altitude to maintain training intensity, aiming to improve sea-level endurance performance.
What is live high and train low.
An increase in this variable enhances end-diastolic volume and stroke volume via the Frank-Starling mechanism, and is influenced by factors such as blood volume, venous tone (aka contractility) , and right atrial pressure.
What is venous return.
Used to quantify whole-body oxygen consumption, this equation integrates cardiovascular and metabolic variables, stating that VO₂ equals the product of cardiac output and the difference between arterial and venous oxygen content — thereby linking oxygen delivery and utilization.
What is the Fick Equation.
As exercise intensity increases, this measure widens because working muscles extract more oxygen from the blood, reflecting greater oxygen utilization at the tissue level.
What is the a-vO2 (arteriovenous) difference.
During prolonged exercise in the heat (especially when not acclimatized), cardiovascular drift occurs. Name the two cardiovascular variables that gradually change, with one increasing and the other decreasing, even when workload stays constant.
What are heart rate (increases) and stroke volume (decreases)?
At high altitude, chronic exposure to low oxygen triggers this condition, characterized by an increased red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration, which enhances the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.
What is polycythemia.