Diversity of Bacteria and Eukarya
What bacterial group is typically a universal inhabitant of the intestinal tract?
Escherichia
What is a virus?
Genetic element that can multiply only in a living (host) cell, NOT LIVING!
True or False: All the sites in the human body have the same microorganisms.
False- Different microhabitats support different microbes (ex. Skin different microbes than mouth)
What is virulence?
The ability of a pathogen to cause disease
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate (nonspecific immunity, built in) vs. Adaptive (acquired ability, dependent on previous exposure)
What bacterial group is commonly found as probiotics in foods?
Lactobacillus
What is another name for reverse transcriptase? Explain.
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
The colonization of the gut begins when?
At birth
What is the name of the molecules that are glycoproteins lipoprotein found on the pathogen’s surface to enable binding to a host?
Adhesins
What are the recognition motifs of phagocytes?
PAMS = “Eat me!”
What bacterial group often grows well at low temperatures (Blue Bell ice cream contaminant?
Listeria
What are the five steps of viral replication?
Attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release
Dental plaque is actually from the formation of?
Biofilm
The tetanus toxin is what type of toxin?
AB protein neurotoxin, same as other AB’s just targets specific tissues
What influences stem cell differentiation?
Soluble cytokines and chemokines
What is known to be the sources of streptomycin?
Streptomyces
Why can bacteriophage MS2 be translated directly upon entry?
+RNA acts as mRNA
What aspect of the GI tract affects organism colonization?
pH- acidity of the stomach (around pH2) prevents many organisms from colonizing the GI tract
What is the definition of infection?
Any situation in which a microorganisms (not a member of the local flora) is established and growing in a host
What blood cells are called to a site of inflammation? What proteins are the ones that call them?
Cytokines and chemokines (proteins) draw white blood cells to a site of inflammation
What is the causative agent of malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum (an obligate intracellular parasite)
Explain the difference between the viral infection of enveloped vs. capsid viruses.
Enveloped: host cell entry occurs by fusion with cytoplasmic membrane or endocytosis
Capsid: uncoating occurs at cytoplasmic membrane or cytoplasm
Some bacteria are harmless in one location but pathogenic in others. Give an example from lecture
E. coli and P. mirabilis cause urinary tract infections, especially in women.
Explain the difference in activity of staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes.
Staphylococcus aureus- induces clot formation by coagulase, protects microbes form immune response
Streptokinase- dissolves clot and releases bacteria, also used to dissolve clots after a heart attack or embolism!
What is the name of the fever causing cytokines?
Pyrogens (gen= generate and heat=pyro)