Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts this type of energy into chemical energy.
Light energy
This molecule is the main energy currency produced during respiration.
ATP
This model describes the membrane as a mix of lipids and proteins that move freely.
The fluid mosaic model
This term describes all chemical reactions in an organism.
Metabolism
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this.
Activation energy
These are the three main inputs required for photosynthesis.
CO₂, H₂O, and light
This stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and produces pyruvates.
Glycolysis
A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and begins to swell. This is happening because of this process.
Osmosis
Breaking down glucose to release energy is an example of this type of pathway.
Catabolic pathway
The specific region where substrates bind on an enzyme is called this.
Active site
This structure in the chloroplast contains stacked thylakoids where light reactions occur.
Grana
A cell lacks oxygen but continues producing small amounts of ATP. Which process is occurring?
Fermentation
A cell engulfs a bacterium into a vesicle. This specific type of transport is:
Phagocytosis (a form of endocytosis)
Energy stored in chemical bonds is an example of this type of energy.
Potential energy
An enzyme stops functioning because of extreme temperature. This is due to:
A plant is producing ATP and NADPH but no sugar. This process is likely not functioning properly.
The Calvin cycle
A toxin blocks oxygen in the ETC. This immediately stops which major process?
Oxidative phosphorylation
A sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their gradient using ATP. This type of transport is called:
Active transport
A reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed is described as this.
Endergonic reaction
Even though an enzyme speeds up a reaction, it does NOT change this property.
Gibbs Free Energy
During drought conditions, stomata close. Predict how this affects both photosynthesis AND oxygen levels.
Reduced CO₂ intake causes the Calvin cycle to significantly slow down or stop, while O₂ may build up inside the leaves.
A cell runs out of oxaloacetate. Even though glucose is available, ATP production drops significantly. Explain why.
Oxaloacetate = "ticket onto the ferris wheel"
It is required to combine with acetyl from the acetyl-CoA to start the citric acid cycle, so without it the cycle stops and ATP production decreases.
A cell stops producing transport proteins but still allows oxygen to pass through the membrane. Explain why oxygen movement is unaffected.
Oxygen is small and nonpolar, so it can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer
A cell accumulates large amounts of ATP. This causes a metabolic pathway to slow down. This regulation is called:
Feedback inhibition
A scientist increases the concentration of substrate, but the reaction rate eventually levels off even though more substrate is added. Explain why this occurs.
Enzyme saturation, all active sites are occupied and the reaction is at its maximum rate